Condiment

July 04, 2026

Like most people in the US, I spent part of the day harvesting the bounty of my garden (really?). I began early this morning (for me) taking the kids for a walk. By 10 am it was already 89F (31.6C) with a “feels like” of 99F (37.2C). I got home in time to water my garden and to oversee what would be ripe enough to take to our feeding program tomorrow night. I mentioned earlier I harvested around 20 pounds (9kg) of Roma tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var.) that I turned into 7 quarts (6.6L) of pasta sauce. The vines have kept producing and I was able to garnish another 10 pounds (4.5kg) today, along with another 12 Arkansas Travelers (Solanum lycopersicum var.). My red onions (Allium cepa) have stopped growing but there are 38 onions still in the ground. My jalapeno peppers (Capsicum annuum) are now producing as the weather has turned hotter (not warmer). I am also growing cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) in the herb garden. While I have made several batches of pickle de Gallo, I now have the ingredients for my favorite condiment, Pico de Gallo.

When I went online, I found a condiment can be defined as a supplemental food (such as a sauce or powder) that is added to some foods to impart a particular flavor, enhance flavor, or complement a dish. These foods are not considered enough to serve as a standalone dish. The term condiment originally described pickled or preserved foods but now includes a great variety of flavorings. Many diverse condiments exist in various countries, regions and cultures. Pico de Gallo can be used in much the same way as Mexican liquid salsas, and because it contains less liquid, it can also be used as a main ingredient in dishes such as tacos and fajitas. The tomato-based variety is widely known as salsa picada (‘minced/chopped sauce’) and in Mexico is normally called salsa mexicana (‘Mexican sauce’). The colors of the red tomato, white onion, and green chili and cilantro are reminiscent of the colors of the Mexican flag, and it is also called salsa bandera (‘flag sauce’). The Pickle de Gallo lacks the red of the tomato but is still a great way to use the 14 pints (6.6L) of pickles I canned last week.

Since today is the celebration of Independence Day in the US, there are two other important condiments associated with this day. Ketchup typically refers to tomato ketchup, although early recipes for different varieties contained mushrooms, oysters, mussels, egg whites, grapes, or walnuts. Tomato ketchup is made from tomatoes, sugar and vinegar, along with seasonings and spices. Mustard is a condiment made from the seeds of a mustard plant, which may be the white/yellow mustard (Sinapis alba), brown mustard (Brassica juncea), or black mustard (Rhamphospermum nigrum). The (whole, ground, cracked, or bruised) seeds are mixed with water, vinegar, lemon juice, wine, or other liquids, salt, and other flavorings and spices to create a paste or sauce. The sauce can range in color from bright yellow to dark brown. These are important condiments on Independence Day as they are often paired with hotdogs and hamburgers grilled on bar-b-q’s across America.

THOUGHTS: While a condiment is officially defined as a supplemental food, I often use both Pickle and Pico as a main course pared with tortilla chips. While the USDA Food Buying Guide explicitly lists tomato catsup and chili sauce as condiments that do not contribute toward the daily vegetable component, there is a famous historical debate surrounding school lunches in the 1980’s. Proposed USDA rules suggested counting various tomato condiments and pastes as vegetables, but this was never officially adopted for dietary health. It seems we are willing to do anything to get children to eat their vegetables, even if the condiments do not contain the necessary nutritional value to count as a vegetable. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.

Lasagna

June 24, 2026

Monday I was once again scrolling through my phone looking for something different for dinner. Melissa and I have several go-to meals that are simple that we make often. While these are good, there are times when I get bored eating the same meals and then working through the leftovers. I knew I had hamburger in the freezer, so I began my search with “quick hamburger meals”. Not finding what I wanted I shifted the search to “quick easy meals”. This opened the offerings to meals based around chicken, seafood, and salads, as well as more hamburger meals. By this time, I had been scrolling for over 30 minutes (sound familiar?) and the local news was coming to an end. The half hour between the 6 o’clock news and regular programing at 7 is when we usually prepare our meals, so I was beginning to get desperate. Then I remembered we had a half pound (.23 kg) of sausage left over from one of our regular sausage and potatoes skillets Melissa had made on Sunday. I switched the search to sausage and immediately found a skillet sausage and lasagna bake.

When I went online, I found lasagna, also known by the plural form lasagne, is a type of pasta made in wide, flat sheets. This dish originated in Italian cuisine where it is served in a number of ways, but is best known for its use in a baked dish made by stacking layers of pasta, alternating with fillings such as ground meats and tomato sauce (ragu), béchamel sauce, vegetables, cheeses (including ricotta, mozzarella, and Parmesan), seasonings, and spices. Typically, cooked pasta is assembled with the other ingredients, topped with grated cheese, and then baked in an oven (al forno). Lasagna originated in Italy during the Middle Ages and the oldest known written reference appears in a ballad in 1282 CE. There are many regional variations of the dish in Italy. These dishes were traditionally served during religious celebrations, which were some of the few times many people would eat meat.

I frequently make lasagna and prefer my homemade to frozen store brands. This recipe was a “quick one pan dish” ready in 40 minutes. I pulled up the recipe and realized I did not have the ingredients. No worry. I often substitute and add or subtract ingredients depending on what is on hand. The recipe suggested a cast iron skillet, and I pulled the largest one from under the cabinet. I browned the sausage and added minced garlic. Then came 2 cups (0.45 kg) of pasta sauce (my homemade) and 2 cups (0.45 kg) of chicken broth. I realized I used a 10-inch (25 cm) pan rather than a 12-inch (30.5 cm) pan (did not fit), but I had a 12-inch cast iron skillet in my camping gear. I brought the mixture to a boil and went to add the noodles. I like to keep flat lasagna noodles in the pantry but was out. None of the other noodles seemed right for the dish I was trying to imitate. I finally opted for a package of mac-n-cheese to get the elbows. I simmered the mixture for 15 minutes to blend the flavors and added cheese on top. I mixed the mac-n-cheese packet into the sauce, substituted cottage cheese for ricotta, and finished with parmesan and mozzarella. The whole pan went into the oven on broil for 5 minutes. It turned out delicious.

THOUGHTS: One problem with searching online recipes is they are often subscription services, as was my sausage and cheese lasagna. The recipe pulled up fine and the site asked if I wanted to subscribe. I declined and preceded to make the dish. I scrolled back and forth making sure I had the right amounts of each ingredient and the proper steps. About halfway through preparation the screen flashed, “This is members-only content”, and blurred the screen. I could join or sign in, but until I did it would not provide further information. I knew enough of the ingredients and steps to proceed and I did neither. I realize the site may need profit but am incensed when “free” information is belatedly tied to a subscription that at very least tracks and sells my information to others. I prefer an upfront choice. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.

Mason

June 21, 2026

I have mentioned our two flower beds dedicated to wildflowers. The one on the north side of the house has sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) and cone flowers (Family, Asteraceae), while the east bed has a self-propagating mix of wildflowers (the package literally said, “wildflower mix”). These beds attract a variety of bees (Clade, Anthophila) and butterflies (Family, lepidopteran). Attached to one of my browsers was an ad asking for my support for local pollinators. The ad described how honeybees do little of the pollination for gardens and orchards. Honeybees (genus, Apis) produce honey, which along with their brightly colored yellow and black bodies make them attractive. They also form colonies (hives) that are often located around orchards or even transported as rentals for pollination. What I did not know until I opened this ad was that 90% of pollination is performed by a solitary bee known collectively as mason bees.

When I went online, I found a mason bee refers to bees in the genus Osmia (Family, Megachilidae) who derive their name from the habit of using mud or other “masonry” products in constructing their nests. These nests are made in naturally occurring gaps such as cracks in stones or other small dark cavities. Some species preferentially use hollow stems or holes in wood made by wood-boring insects. Over 300 species are found across the Northern Hemisphere, but most occur in temperate habitats of Europe and Asia (Palearctic) and North America (Nearctic) and are active from spring through late summer. Osmia species are frequently metallic green or blue, although many are blackish and at least one is rust-red. Most have black ventral masses of black hairs on their hind legs (scopae) which are difficult to notice unless laden with pollen. Two species of the genus, the orchard mason bee (Osmia lignaria) and the blueberry bee (Osmia ribifloris), are native to the Americas, although the orchard mason have been moved from their native ranges for commercial purposes.

If you want to make your garden an inviting and safe space for the mason and other solitary bees, avoid cute, shallow decorative models. Instead look for removable paper or cardboard tubes or wood laminate trays. If bees nest in drilled in solid blocks, the house becomes a trap for diseases and mites after a single season. The holes should be exactly 5/16-inch (8 mm) in diameter and at least 6 inches (15 cm) deep. If the holes are too wide, bees cannot build secure mud partitions. If the hole is too shallow, the female bees may only produce male eggs. Solitary bees are sensitive to chemicals, so choose natural, untreated, or wood like cedar or pine. Choose a sloped or overhanging roof (metal) to prevent rain from rotting the tubes, and a wire mesh on the front to deter woodpeckers. The house should face southeast or east to receive early morning sun to warm the bees, encouraging them to start pollinating. The house should be attached to a solid surface about 5 feet (1.5 m) above the ground. I ordered one and got another for my grandchildren to enjoy, as well as the bees.

THOUGHTS: The mason bee house in the ad told of a 70-year-old man retiring after 50 years and this would be his last bee houses. The ad pointed out the advantages of purchasing this house and its superiority over the commercial houses online or in stores. It also said there were only 200 houses left. I generally look elsewhere online to see if the “steals” offered by such sites are real and how they compare with other prices. I had a red flag at “200 remaining” at a cost of “only US$69”. My search pulled up a reference to possible scams. When I looked, my ad fit the criteria. The price was twice as much as other houses and did not meet the criteria listed among the “10 best”. There are times we see a great idea that fits a criterion and we buy impulsively. Even if this is the best deal, it should be checked. Otherwise, we set ourselves up to be scammed. That is true regardless of age. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.

False Parasol

June 15, 2026

I have grown corn (Zea mays) in the bed along the back of my house for the last three years. The first year I grew corn as part of the “three sisters”, an indigenous method that allows the corn stalks to support the climbing pole beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with winter squash (genus, Cucurbita) providing ground cover to keep down the weeds. While the corn grew, the cobs had spotty kernels that hardened before I harvested (oops!). The entire crop also suffered “laydown” (common for corn in wind) just after I returned from vacation and I had to stake the stalks to get them to stand. This year I learned about seed expiration (many did not sprout). If you read the packets, it tells the planting year and how long it should remain viable. I bought new seeds to plant this year. The three rows were going well until the kids were “play fighting” and to my horror Loki jumped the fence and landed on top of the small stalks. I added to the height of my fence, reset the plants I could, and replanted the ones that had been snapped, as well as several that had not sprouted. The corn was growing well and began producing tassels (male) and silks (female ears). Then two weekends ago a tornado cell passed over town and the winds caused another “laydown”. I again staked what I could and hoped for the best. When I checked the corn last week there was a large mushroom (false parasol) growing among the stalks.

When I went online, I found the false parasol (Chlorophyllum molybdites), commonly known as the green-spored or green-gill parasol, and vomiter, is a common species of mushroom found in temperate and subtropical meadows and lawns. The species is poisonous and causes serious vomiting and diarrhea. The cap (pileus) ranges from 3.1 to 12 inches (8 to 30 cm) in diameter and is hemispherical with a flattened top. The cap is whitish in color with coarse brownish scales, with white gills that turn dark and green with maturity. The stem (stipe) ranges from 2.0 to 12 inches (5 to 30 cm) tall and bears a double-edged ring and lacks the snakeskin pattern generally present on the edible parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). The flesh is thick and initially firm, although it softens with age. The false parasol is the most consumed poisonous mushroom in North America as it is often misidentified as an edible species like the shaggy parasol (Chlorophyllum rhacodes) and parasol mushroom. Fruiting bodies generally appear after summer and autumn rain.

The summer rains did bring out the large mushroom among my corn, as well as another in my next-door neighbor’s yard. When I used Google identification it said the mushroom was a giant puffball (Calvatia gigantea) which is said to be very tasty. I love mushrooms and I had visions of sauteing the firm flesh in butter and garlic. As the round cap matured it flattened and the edible giant puffball morphed into a poisonous false parasol. The large white puffball mushrooms are edible when young, as are all true puffballs, but even they can cause digestive issues if the spores have begun to form, as indicated when the pure white flesh begins to turn yellowish or greenish-brown. An overripe puffball will fall apart and release spores when touched or if cut open and should be discarded. I was glad I waited or I may have been another victim of mistaken identity.

THOUGHTS: False parasol mushrooms are sometimes called fairy ring mushrooms as they often form fairy rings, a naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms. Fairy rings are the subject of much folklore and myth worldwide, particularly in Western Europe, and are alternately seen as hazardous or dangerous places linked with witches or the Devil, or as a sign of good fortune. Mine was a single mushroom so I will have neither good nor bad luck. I am two days out from the maturation date on the package suggested for my corn. Since I already had the laydown (bad luck), I am hoping for a good harvest (good luck). Farming is not easy. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.

Goliath

June 13, 2026

I came across an article on my MSN browser on a gigantic tadpole discovered in 2018. The Chiricahua Mountains on the Arizona-Mexico border is famous for the Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis). This leopard frog is listed as a federally threatened species that is on the decline due to habitat loss and invasive bullfrogs. A research team was draining a pond when they discovered a massive tadpole in their nets. This was a bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) tadpole that never metamorphosed. Herpetologists are unsure why Goliath was stuck in tadpole limbo but believe it is due to a hormone imbalance, specifically a deficiency of a hormone essential for metamorphosis (thyroxine) combined with an excess of growth hormones. The beast was taken to the Southwestern Research Station before dying in 2019. The tadpole will be preserved by scientists so they can better understand what caused his mysterious condition. Researchers had appropriately named the tadpole Goliath.

When I went online, I found there is a species of frog named the goliath frog (Conraua goliath), also known as the giant slippery frog and the goliath bullfrog, in the family Conrauidae. The goliath frog is the largest living frog. Specimens can reach up to about 18 inches (45 cm) in snout to vent length and 9.9 pounds (4.5 kg) in weight. The species has a relatively small habitat range in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. The goliath can live up to 15 years in the wild and up to 21 years in captivity. The primary threat to the goliath frog is hunting, as it is considered a food source in its native range, although other predators are possible. The frog is also threatened by habitat loss and degradation, and they have been extensively exported to zoos and pet trade but have proven shy and nervous in captivity. Although captives may live longer than their wild counterparts, the species has not been bred in captivity.

Goliath, the tadpole, did not undergo the normal metamorphosis where their tails are transformed into legs and development of adult frog features. Despite remaining a tadpole, Goliath continued to grow, making it one of the largest tadpoles ever documented. Its condition is considered extremely rare and provides insight into how hormonal imbalances can affect amphibian development. The case highlights the delicate balance required for normal amphibian growth and metamorphosis. Researchers studied Goliath to understand the effects of endocrine disorders on development. Cases like Goliath also raise questions about environmental impacts like pollution and habitat changes and their effect on the hormonal processes in wildlife. Goliath was preserved by scientists to allow further study of its unique condition. Its story serves as a compelling example of the extraordinary variations that can occur in nature and underscores the importance of monitoring environmental and hormonal factors in amphibian populations.

THOUGHTS: When I found that Goliath had died in 2019, I began to wonder why this popped up on my browser today. A Copilot search gave me three possible answers. It could have been as it was recently linked to a news or science article about unusual wildlife or amphibian biology. Another explanation is a website or blog discussing rare animal cases or environmental science featuring the story. Finally, it might have occurred via a browser ad or redirect or if my browser had been hijacked or exposed to unwanted ads, then it could have shown the page as part of a pop-up or search result. Personally, I think it appeared as I seem to gravitate toward such article in my searches. We are all being tracked for preferences. This can make my searches more effective, if I do not care where this information is shared. Hmm. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.

CattleTracker

June 11, 2026

Last week’s Sunday newspaper carried a USA Today article on an innovative integration of ranching and energy production. A herd of ten cows and their calves are residents of a Christiana, Tennessee, solar farm. The 40-acre (16 ha) farm is the world’s only commercial scale solar energy plant co-located with cattle production. The farm is owned by Silicon Ranch, a 15-year-old company based in Nashville. The group has big plans to foster the integration of cattle and solar energy production thanks to a patented technology they are case testing in Tennessee. The company, and its team of interdisciplinary researchers who built the technology, believes the co-location of the two land uses is a win-win for the agriculture and energy sectors. This promise comes as both sectors have been forced to navigate unpredictable and sometimes volatile market conditions over the past few years. The software is called CattleTracker and offers a simple yet scalable solution to the venture.

When I went online, I found that CattleTracker “is a field-tested, evidence-based solution built to scale across America’s agricultural landscape that won the 2026 SEAL Sustainable Innovation Award.” The innovation is the culmination of research and development by a multidisciplinary team of experts in the practice of using the same land for both solar energy and agriculture (agrivoltaics), animal welfare scientists, regenerative ranchers, and soil and ecosystem scientists from across the country and around the world. The ranch builds and expands on Silicon Ranch’s nationally recognized work in sheep grazing, but the process needed innovation to adapt as solar panels can be vulnerable to damage from the greater weight and height of grazing cows versus compact sheep. The living laboratory at Christiana will enable researchers to study cattle behavior, welfare, and ecological impacts while simultaneously testing solar installation structures. According to Silicon Ranch’s website, “Christiana Solar is the latest proof that energy production and farming don’t have to compete—they actually work hand in hand, thriving together.”

Silicon Ranch launched its Regenerative Energy platform in 2018, introducing sheep grazing to its solar farms first in Tennessee and then in other locations. Now, the company owns the largest flock of sheep in Georgia. However, sheep are small and docile and easily coexist with solar modules. Cattle are large and heavy and do not fit under standard solar modules, and they tend to bump into things which could damage the expensive equipment. The advantage of making the cattle and solar modules work together is that the animals benefit from plentiful shade and grass to freely graze while the power companies have an easier time maintaining their solar farm. Solar modules work by rotating, tilting the panels to follow the sun’s movements throughout the day and can be almost vertical. Prohibitive costs of materials keep from just raising the modules above the cattle. The CattleTracker software is designed to prevent modules from tracking the sun if cattle are nearby. Nick de Vries, of Silicon Ranch, said ”We needed a design that would be good for agriculture, good for solar, good for the ecology, good for the community.” Silicon plans to continue to improve the CattleTracker technology to show how it could be used in communities across the U.S.

THOUGHTS: The locally produced CattleTracker technology carries over to all the solar equipment at the facility. The solar modules were made in Ohio by American company First Solar, while other parts were made in Alabama, Wisconsin and Virginia. The Nextpower tracker parts were made in Memphis, and the Shoals combiner boxes were made in Portland, Tennessee. The project illustrates that with innovation you can shop locally and focus on both the economy and ecology. Who knew. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.

Cigarette Snail

June 10, 2026

While perusing my MSN browser I came across a post from the journal Sciencing addressing one of the worst ways to die. During the summer people are drawn to the beach for the nice sea breeze and warm sand. Rather than relaxing and trying to get a suntan (harder now with my SPF 50 sunscreen) I like to spend time walking along the shore looking for shells. Melissa and her family did the same and we have several snail-shaped glass vases filled with some of the shells rescued and brought home as souvenirs. The best time of day to collect is after high tide as the water recedes and the shells are deposited on the beach. An even better time is after a storm has passed and more shells and creatures have been deposited along the shore. The article cautioned to avoid picking up one particularly pretty, cone shaped shell. The occupant resting inside this beautiful relic is equipped with enough venom to kill 700 people. It is said that if you were stung by this snail, you would perish before you had time to smoke one last cigarette.

When I went online, I found the geography cone (Conus geographus), also called the cigarette snail, is a species of predatory cone snail that lives in reefs of the tropical Indo-Pacific and hunts small fish. While all cone snails hunt and kill prey using venom, the venom of this species is potent enough to kill humans. Individuals grow to about 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) in length, with the size of an adult shell between 1.7 to 6.5 inches (43 and 166 mm). The color of the shell is pink or violaceous white, but occasionally reddish and has a mottled appearance with two irregular chestnut or chocolate bands. This intricate brown-and-white pattern is highly prized by shell collectors. Geography cones are common and occur in the Red Sea, off the coast in the Indian Ocean, and are indigenous to the reefs of the Indo-Pacific (except Hawaii), and off northern Australia. The snail’s distribution is largely explained by the temperature of its habitat and alterations due to climate change are predicted to impact its distribution in the following decades.

There are over 600 species of cone snails that are not equally dangerous to humans. Only two species, the geographic cone and the textile cone (Conus textile), have reportedly resulted in human death. There is also rich diversity in the venom that these snails produce. Their venom is generally characterized by peptides known as conotoxins. Each snail produces over 100 of these conotoxins, and only 5% of them are estimated to overlap among species. Only a few of these toxins have been characterized fully, which makes development of an antidote a challenge. The complexity of the conotoxins makes it difficult to understand exactly how death occurs in humans. While scary, there have not been a lot of human fatalities recorded. A review from 2016 showed that there have been a total of 36 recorded cone snail deaths and researchers are unsure whether these deaths have been a result of cardiovascular damage or damage to the respiratory system. Humans are fortunate not to be a target species for the cigarette snail, leading to relatively rare toxic encounters.

THOUGHTS: While a sting by a cigarette snail may be one of the worst ways to die, their toxins may lead to medical innovation that could save lives. Researchers have identified a drug based on cone snail venom that was approved in 2004 to treat chronic pain. Another potential benefit might be derived from the cone snail insulin, which takes effect more quickly than human insulin. There are currently about 11 to 12 FDA-approved medications derived directly from animal toxins, with 100’s more in clinical trials and research, adapted to treat everything from high blood pressure to chronic pain and diabetes. If you do not provoke (pick up) the pretty shell, the snail cannot kill you. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.

Nativars

June 09, 2026

Toward the back of my local Sunday newspaper was a USA Today article on the need to plant native plants to help pollinator insects. This caught my eye as I have dedicated two of our flower beds to growing native wildflower mixes and Melissa has increased the number of potted plants around both the front and back of our house. The bed in front was planted last year with perennials, and it reproduced this year. The bed to the north (not full sun) contains two small tables with succulents but I added sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), and red amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) to the rest of the bed. All the seeds in the north bed were past their expiration, but I prepared the ground and sowed the seed on the off chance they would grow. While not all the seeds sprouted, I was pleasantly surprised by the number and variety of plants that are now growing. While the newspaper article stressed how native pollinators prefer native plants, it also mentioned how recent plant breeding has created hybrid plants known as nativars.

When I went online, I found nativar is a blend (portmanteau) of the words ‘native’ and ‘cultivar’. A nativar is a horticulturally bred strain of a plant species which distinguishes them from their native counterparts. These plants may have different genetic traits from those formerly prevalent in the wild. The difference between a ‘nativar’ and a ‘cultivar’ is if the species is grown within its native historic range. The goal of using nativars within their historic species range is to reintroduce their ecological benefit into the local ecology. The ecological consequences and benefits of nativars are a widely discussed concept within gardening and horticultural communities, as the capacity of nativar plants to fit the ecological niche of their native counterpart may be manipulated during the breeding process. Nativars are developed for a variety of reasons, including disease resistance, pest resistance, and drought tolerance. Within the horticulture industry, nativars are often developed for aesthetic reasons, such as improving bloom and foliage size, shape, form or scent, along with improved growth habits for a garden setting. Nativars are developed within the agriculture and forestry industries for improved yield, flavor and quality. Finally, nativars have been developed for restoration purposes in hopes of re-establishing native populations.

One of the ways nativars can be manipulated during the breeding and cultivation process is the capacity for a plant species to fit the needs of pollinator species that coevolved to rely on them. Pollinator visitation rates of nativar plants may be increased, decreased, or unchanged relative to their wild native counterparts depending on altered factors such as bloom time, color, and shape. Nativars that dramatically change the bloom color of the species compared to wild populations can disrupt the ability of native pollinators to recognize the flowers as a food source. The ecological benefit of nativars for pollinators can also be reduced by diminished nectar, pollen production, and flower form. Not all cultivars that alter the bloom color from the most abundant naturally occurring flowers result in decreased ecological relationships. It depends on the resulting hybrid and the selectivity of the pollinator.

THOUGHTS: Nativars are hybrids created for humans and not native pollinators. They increase the bloom size or even result in double blooms, but they can also cause the plant to be sterile or reduce the amount of pollen or nectar produced. Since our purpose for planting wildflowers is to attract (and feed) native bees (genus, Apis) and butterflies (order, Lepidoptera) I do not plan on sowing nativars. Why and how humans act depends on the desired outcome. If we are not purposeful, we cannot complain about an undesirable outcome. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.

Vulture

June 08, 2026

Researchers at the University of Florida (UF) say invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) in the Everglades are facing an unexpected new threat. A newly published UF study found that Black vultures and Turkey vultures have become significant predators of python eggs. Motion-activated cameras are capturing the birds digging into nests and consuming eggs while mother pythons temporarily left to bask in the sun. Scientists said the findings could help explain why the rapidly growing python population has not expanded even faster across South Florida despite the reptiles having few natural predators in the region. The study documented vultures destroying nearly half the eggs in monitored nests, raising hopes that native scavengers may be adapting to help naturally suppress the invasive species. Researchers said Burmese pythons have devastated native wildlife populations in the Everglades by preying on mammals, birds and reptiles since becoming established in Florida decades ago. The findings, published in the journal Reptiles & Amphibians, suggest that native wildlife may be adapting to exploiting the destructive, invasive python as a food source.

When I went online, I found vulture refers to a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. There are 23 extant species of vulture (including condors). Old World vultures include 16 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia while New World vultures have 7 species and are restricted to North and South America. Old and New World vultures are not closely related, and their resemblances in similar form or function are not present in the last common ancestor of those groups (convergent evolution). A characteristic of many vultures is a bald, unfeathered head believed to keep the head clean when feeding. North America has three species of vulture. The Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) is across the US and South America and is moving north into Canada. The Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) lives in southeastern US states and into Mexico. California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is the largest North American land bird. The species became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild birds were captured but has been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah, the coastal mountains of California, and northern Baja California in Mexico.

Researchers stumbled on four vultures eating python eggs in the dense underbrush of the Francis S. Taylor Wildlife Management Area in Broward County, Florida. This is the first documented case of a native Florida bird preying on an invasive python nest. The event occurred in 2023 but was not published until this year. The researchers used a “scout snake” with a radio transmitter to locate the nest and were coming to collect the eggs. The vultures fled the nest when approached and could not be identified as Black or Turkey vultures. The only other documented case of predation on python eggs was in 2021 when a trail camera captured a bobcat eating python eggs in Florida’s Big Cypress National Preserve. There is a precedent for native animals learning to consume invasive species. The Everglades snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) was near extinction when it started eating an invasive snail that is larger than the native snail the birds typically ate, resulting in a rapid microevolution to have larger beaks to be more adept at digging into the larger snail.

THOUGHTS: Growing up in Kansas I saw many a Turkey Vulture, but it was not until we moved to Arkansas that I became aware of the Black Vulture. The two species are often together fighting over carrion or swarming the skies. The Turkey Vulture has a smaller red head and can find carrion with its excellent eyesight or with its sense of smell, while the Black Vulture has a black head and can only find its food visually. While humans may appear divergent, we are all the same species. We need to try and behave like it. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.

Volunteer

June 03, 2026

I went to the eye doctor for my annual checkup today and when I returned Melissa wanted to show me something that had sprouted in the mailbox planter. Melissa has tried to grow several different flowers in this brick planter. The grape hyacinth (Muscari armeniacum) has done well and explode in early spring, but they dwindle and die leaving the box empty during the summer and fall. We have tried a variety of different perennials, but none have lasted through the season, yet alone come back the following year. This year Melissa tried something different by planting a central coneflower (Echinacea) hybrid (sombrero lemon yellow) surrounded by rose moss (Portulaca grandiflora) starts to act as an annual bedding and keep down the weeds. While the rose moss plants are doing well, the coneflower is again struggling. What Melissa wanted to show me, however, was an intrusive weed that was beginning to take over the lower left side of the planter. It was obvious this volunteer was a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant.

When I went online, I found “volunteer” plants in gardening are those that sprout and grow on their own without being intentionally planted. They emerge from seeds dropped in the previous season, spread by wildlife, or distributed through homemade compost. While some volunteers are thought of as nuisances, they can be surprisingly vigorous, cost-free additions to your garden. On the plus side, a volunteer is free and takes no effort from you. They can be exciting to find and can add fun and unpredictability to a well-planned garden. On the minus side, the volunteer can grow in unwanted places, and you can never be sure what you are getting. Seeds from open pollinated plants always produce a vegetable identical to its parent. Seeds from hybrid plants are not true to form and it is more likely the volunteer will resemble one of the plants that produced the hybrid seed, and some hybrid plants will not produce any fruit. The intruder can mess with the crop rotation you planned for your garden and can also carry soil borne disease.

When I saw the volunteer plant I wanted to dig it up and transplant it in the container where some animal had sat on one of my Roma tomatoes. Melissa wanted to let it grow in place and see what it will produce. All the seeds grown in my garden are from older cultivars (heirlooms) but most of the tomatoes are nursery purchases (heirloom and/or hybrid). Since we have never planted tomatoes in the mailbox bed it must have gotten there from an animal or in the compost I used to enhance the soil. This year I also noticed several volunteer plants in my raised beds. These are some sort of unknown squash (genus, Cucurbita) that have sprouted in the rows of beets (Beta vulgaris) and a leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa) that sprouted after I replanted the spinach with a cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Here again, we must wait and see what is produced.

THOUGHTS: While this is the first time to have a volunteer tomato in the flower bed, I have had a volunteer in my raised beds both years. Last year my sown seed in one of the beds was overcome by large ground cherry (Physalis angulata) plants. These grow wild in Arkansas and some harvest them from the open woods where they thrive. I let them grow after finding out what they were and even tried harvesting them. I did not like the taste and since they were blocking light to what I had planted I tore them out (again, one person’s weed is another’s harvest). When you get a volunteer, you can leave them, relocate them, or remove them. Humans seem to take a similar approach when other people move into their neighborhood. Some are welcomed, some are asked to move to another area, and some are physically removed. Currently in the US, the difference seems linked with ethnicity and culture. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.