Burrow

September 24, 2026

Melissa’s parents owned a minivan with a wheelchair lift on the back. It was a 2006 model but had low mileage. They purchased the van used in 2015 from a lift dealer who said the previous owner used to for shopping and doctor’s appointments. They used it more extensively, but it never driven much. When we moved back to Arkansas the van was parked next to the workshop. The van sat for several years until we decided to donate it to a church program which connects people in need with low-cost cars. We called to have the van towed but the dealer never called back to get the vehicle. After several tries, I gave up and the van sat for another two years. The program is now associated with another repair shop and we connected again. A recovery group was looking for a van to transport clients back and forth from a residence house to appointments. Melissa called this time and within two days they came and towed the van. Since it had sat for so long, a pile of pine (Pinus echinata) needles collected under the van. Several days later I went to clean the area and notice an 8-inch (20 cm) hole in the middle of the debris. An animal decided this was perfect for their burrow.

When I went online, I found a burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of the animal moving through the ground. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements and can be found in nearly every biome and can represent both symbiosis (cooperation) and competition. Many animal species are known to form burrows and range from small amphipods (crustaceans) to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few inches/centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of yards/meters in total length, such as a rabbit (family, Leporidae) warren. Mammals are the most well-known species for constructing a burrow.

When I saw the burrow, I knew why the kids were barking at the fence facing the workshop. I had assumed it was the neighborhood cats (Felis catus), but I have not seen one in several months. They have also been barking at the raccoons (Procyon lotor) and opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in the trees and walking along the top of the fence, but neither species is known to make a burrow. When I searched for the owner online, it provided the top three species as a fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), a woodchuck/groundhog (Marmota monax), or a nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). These are all good-sized mammals, and I could not believe any would be living under our van for long without either of us seeing it. While I did not want to (necessarily) get rid of the creature, I called the town’s animal control officer to see if she could provide insight into what could be living in our yard. When I described the burrow, she immediately suggested it was probably an armadillo. Since this was one of the three animals suggested online, I am assuming that is what we have.

Thoughts: An armadillo living in the burrow is supported by the holes that have been popping up in our yard and garden containers. Armadillos like soft soil that is easy to dig, and our lawn and garden provide grubs, beetles, and spiders that can be found on the surface and first layer of soil. Since the burrow is no longer covered by the van, I am hoping the animal will find a new living location. Joe Ray is a hermit who spent years living in a system of caves in the Ozark Mountains and was documented by National Geographic TV in the series The Boonies. Other Ozark residents also lived in the Ozark caves during the Depression. Now modern conversions like the Beckham Creek Cave Lodge in Parthenon, Arkansas, have turned historic or custom-built caves into luxury rentals. We are not far from our ancestors. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Virile

September 07, 2026

Last month my local newspaper carried a USA Today article about the non-native crayfish (Family, Cambaridae) who are massing below Glen Canyon Dam for a potential invasion of Grand Canyon. National Park Service (NPS) biologists say the invasive species has caused ecological havoc in other streams and has now shown up by the thousands in agency nets below the dam. There have been more than 3,000 netted so far this year in a short stretch of the Colorado River where last year they found just over two dozen. NPS Colorado River Coordinator Nicki Gibney also reported a boom in non-native fish, including bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and sunfish (Family, Centrarchidae). These invaders and the crayfish are thought to have slipped through the dam’s hydropower turbines and are benefiting from the warm water the dam releases as long-term drought and water demand pushes Lake Powell’s warm surface closer to the power plant’s intakes. This same phenomenon has favored smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), which the government has taken emergency measures to keep from reaching and eating rare native fish in the Grand Canyon. While several species of crayfish are present, the dominant species is the virile.

When I went online, I found the virile crayfish (Faxonius virilis) is a species of crayfish also known as the northern crayfish and eastern crayfish. The species was reclassified in August 2017, and the genus changed from Orconectes to Faxonius. The virile is native to the central US, east to tributaries of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence River in New York and much of Canada. Individuals can be found hiding from predators under stones and logs in lakes, streams, and wetlands. They are identified by the brown or rust-red carapace (cephalothorax) and large pinchers (chelipeds), which are usually blue in color. Crayfish can grow to 6.9 inches (17.5 cm) in length, and their walking legs have a small claw at the end. The virile feeds on a wide range of invertebrates and plants, along with tadpoles and even small fish. Faxonius virilis is used as fishing bait, as food for humans, and as aquarium food for carnivorous fish. The virile has become an invasive species in parts of North America outside their native range and was discovered in the UK in 2008. It is listed as a species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

The virile crayfish is an especially vexing invader because it can march uphill around cascades that fish might not reach, Southwest Wildlands ecologist and work group member Larry Stevens said. Stevens called this, “an existential threat to the last remaining pristine streams — some of the last ones — in the West. Crayfish are dominant in many of the streams in Arizona and Utah.” The virile represents another developing threat to the Grand Canyon’s nature in a time when climate change is challenging the government’s ability to react. After two summers of releasing cold shocks of water to prevent bass spawning and protecting the park’s humpback chub (Gila cypha) population. The Interior Department’s Bureau of Reclamation announced they could not spare the water this summer as Lake Powell’s decline is threatening the dam’s ability to produce power. Without the aid of cold water, officials are electrofishing and netting in the river to remove invasives.

Thoughts: The influx of the virile crayfish and other warm water invasives illustrate another aspect of how climate change is impacting native populations. Warmer temperatures allow invasive species to move farther north and draught forces agencies to choose between the demands of humans and the needs of local ecosystems. Earth’s hottest year on record is 2024, with 2023 and 2025 tied at second. Models suggest 2026 is likely to break those records. Climate change about fluctuating extremes more than just warmer temperatures. In the US we have floods in the East and draughts in the West. The rest of the world faces similar patterns. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Paraborgs

September 04, 2026

Inside of Sunday’s newspaper was a Reuters article about cockroaches being tested for use in disaster rescues. Researchers at the University of Queensland (UQ), Australia, developed remotely piloted cyborg cockroaches equipped with cameras and medical injectors that could be deployed at disaster sites. North Queensland giant burrowing cockroaches (Macropanesthia rhinoceros) were equipped with lightweight devices that provide visual feedback or remotely activated auto-injection devices designed to deliver emergency assistance when direct access to trapped people is not possible. The cockroaches are remotely controlled by humans through an electrode and microchip fitted to the insects. Dr. Thang Vo-Doan explained that “Once we implant electrode into the insect, we can apply a small electrical signal to activate or stimulate the nerve system so that they can respond to our command.” The hope is these Paraborgs, could be transformed into swarms of tiny rescue teams capable of delivering emergency care in tight spaces where humans cannot fit during search-and-rescue missions.

When I went online, I found Paraborgs is short for “paramedic cyborg cockroaches”. The bugs transformed are the giant burrowing cockroach (Macropanesthia rhinoceros), also known as the rhinoceros cockroach and Queensland giant cockroach, is a member of the family Blaberidae. This large cockroach is native to Australia and found in mostly tropical and subtropical parts of Queensland. These are the world’s heaviest species of cockroach and can weigh up to 0.7 to 0.8 pounds (30 to 35 g) and measure up to 3.1 inches (7.5 to 8 cm) in length. Unlike some other cockroaches, the giant burrowing cockroach does not have wings and is not considered a pest. The species plays a vital part in the ecosystem by consuming dead leaves and recycling other plant matter. They burrow down in soil to a depth of about 39 inches (1 m) to make homes and feed on collected dry leaf litter. The giant burrowing cockroach is the only cockroach in the world known to have permanent burrows in the soil and play a central ecological role by contributing to the recycling of nutrients in the wild. It is prominent in the wild and can also be sold and kept as a pet.

In proof-of-concept testing at UQ’s School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, the Paraborgs achieved 95% success with close-range injection when positioned within 6 inches (15 cm) of the target and the complete navigation-and-injection task succeeded in 72% of trials. PhD candidate Hai Nhan Le said accurate positioning of the Paraborgs was one of the key engineering challenges, “The cyborg insect has to navigate to the target, position itself accurately and remain stable enough to perform the injection.” Le admitted a lot of people might not like the sight of a giant cockroach scurrying towards them (let alone a swarm of them) but if you’re trapped in rubble or stuck in a cave it could make the difference between life and death. Researchers hope to deploy the cyborg cockroaches to disaster zones within the next five to 10 years.

Thoughts: Reading about the Paraborgs it made me think about the 1975 movie, “Bug”. When a massive tremor opens a crack in the California desert a plague of foot-long (0.3 m) cockroaches are released. The mutant bugs have steel-like shells and rub their rear antennae together to start fires, then consume the ash. While most of them die, scientist James Parmiter (Bradford Dillman) is obsessed with studying the survivors, even crossbreeding them with above ground cockroaches. They ultimately return underground, taking Parmiter with them, and the fissure reseals. Even trapped I would think of the movie rather than being saved. When the device is removed, the cockroach lives a normal span of life, so perhaps a win-win? Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Nuisance

August 31, 2026

I blogged earlier about the two immature raccoon (Procyon lotor) invaders the dogs had surprised in our backyard and chased up under the eaves of the house. I put the kids inside and coaxed them down, but one fell in the pool and I had to fish it out with the skimmer. I hoped this would scare the pair so they would keep out of the yard, or at least out of the window feeders. A week ago, I let the kids out at night, and they trapped a raccoon on the fence above the squirrel feeder. I had given up trying to deter the red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and dedicated two feeders away from the others with cracked corn (Zea mays) and whole peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). Large birds like the northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) and grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) seem to like these seeds more than the squirrels, and the squirrels traverse the entire fence to get to the smaller seed. Two nights ago, one of the raccoons was brave enough to again tackle the window feeders. The kids were going crazy at four am and when Melissa turned on the light it jumped off the ledge and crashed through a nearby table of potted succulents, knocking several to the ground and breaking three of the terra cotta pots. They had moved from invaders to a nuisance.

When I went online, I found several sites touting ways to get rid of a raccoon nuisance. I chose one that tested “5 ways to get rid of raccoon’s”. The first used scent-based raccoon repellents, like ammonia, mothballs, predator urine, or essential oils. These worked but washed away in rain and needed to be constantly reapplied. Motion-activated sprinklers blasts water when the animal gets too close but after a few nights the raccoon dodged the spray, waited for it to quit, and crept back in. A third was floodlights but after a few nights the raccoons adapted to the light and felt safe to again go for food. Humane traps and relocating the animals work but it is not always legal and new raccoons may come to take their place. The best solution was a combination of ultrasonic sound waves and flashing LED lights. The ultrasonic frequencies are silent to humans but irritating to raccoons, and the motion-activated lights are a visual deterrent. This gave me a link for the best solar powered stake that “Works automatically, requires no upkeep, and is completely humane.” I realized this was a veiled sales pitch, but other sites came to the same conclusion. It sounded like the best solution

While the ultrasonic deterrent may be the best way to discourage our nuisance, there were other considerations. The raccoon was encroaching on an area used by the kids, and they could hear the sound when they went out to play. None of our local stores carried this product and online it would take three days to two weeks to arrive. I needed something tonight. That led me to the scents. I found sprays that all contained a 4% solution of peppermint oil. That made me think about making my own spray using the known deterrents of vinegar, garlic, and peppermint. I purchased a spray and a bottle of peppermint extract thinking I could figure it out. One of the bottles had pictures of what nuisances it drove away, and one was a bird. The nuisance was the raccoons getting into the bird feeders and I could not spray around the feeders without driving off the birds. My solution was the simplest. I took the window feeders down last night because of the nuisance and put them up again in the morning for the birds.

Thoughts: The number one response I found for solving my nuisance problem was to remove the food that was bringing the raccoons. Feeding the raccoons is not good for their long-term survival nor for my garden and bird watching. While this involves more work on my part (not much), it solves the problem in an ecofriendly way. One reason behind many destructive human projects is to make our lives easier. When this happens at the expense of the environment, we need to find alternative solutions. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Prarie Lizard

August 26, 2026

I started late this morning and the “feels like” temperature was already 101F (38C), so even the shaded park path seemed too much for the kids (and me). I knew the brief rain we got last night was not enough to keep my seed damp in the sun. The sparrows (Passer domesticus) and finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) scattered as I walked onto the pool deck to fill the feeders and give my plants a shot of water. The birds had attacked several of the tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) I was letting ripen on the vine, so I picked the ripe fruits (about 20) along with 10 red jalapenos (Capsicum annuum). Next, I went out to give the seeds in the raised bed a good drink. As I walked back to turn off the hose, I caught rapid movement across the sidewalk and then the mulch near the faucet. I stopped and caught another quick movement up the wall. Hidden on the wall and covered by the phlox (Phlox paniculata) was an eastern prairie lizard.

When I went online, I found the eastern prairie lizard (Sceloporus consobrinus), also known as a fence lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Phrynosomatidae. Distribution in the US extends from far western Nevada east to New York and from southern South Dakota in the north into Mexico to the south. Prairie lizards can be distinguished by the combination of highly keeled, pointed, and overlapping scales; no “horns” at the back of the head; and a tail longer than the body. Coloration and pattern can be highly variable, even within local populations. The top (dorsal) coloration can be gray, brown, or a mixture of gray, brown, and white, and chevron-shaped lines can be present or absent and may have a distinct gray stripe along the midline of the dorsal body surface. Lighter stripes may be well to poorly defined on lateral body surfaces extending from the neck to the first one-third of the tail. Adult males have distinct green-blue patches bordered by black on each side of the under (ventral) body surface. In larger males, the underside of the jaw may be black with green-blue patches on either side of the throat. Prairie lizards reach just over 3 inches (7.5 cm) in snout-vent length (plus tail) while hatchlings are about three-fourths of an inch (2 cm) in snout-vent length.

Prairie lizards can be active during any month of the year if temperatures are high enough but are most active during March to October and are found in almost every terrestrial habitat. The color and pattern variations (ectomorphs) are often associated with the microhabitats where they live. During the breeding season (late spring to early summer), males are territorial and aggressively interact with other males. Females deposit clutches of 6 to14 eggs from early May through July and may deposit more than one clutch per season. Eggs are deposited in shallow burrows in the ground, under surface objects, and possibly in the walls of mammal burrows. There is no parental care. Eggs hatch from late July through September. Lifespan under natural conditions is unknown but individuals (likely) can live up to four years. These lizards are “ambush foragers” and eat a variety of insects. They rely on relatively high body temperatures (about 95F/35C) for activity and are often observed basking in direct sunlight. Their primary defensive behavior includes a combination of camouflage (crypsis) and short, rapid retreats to crevices, shrubs, or other safe harbors once they have been detected.

Thoughts: The Prairie lizard can be observed by remaining still for 5 to10 minutes in their habitat and watching for movement. I watched for about 1 minute trying for a better photo and it never moved. Not moving is not always a good strategy. Warm-blooded predators (dogs and bears) see your body heat and the sound of breathing can be picked up by ears. Animals with a strong sense of smell (like dogs) find you by the air. Humans instead make loud noises and band together in packs. It helps that we are at the top of the food chain. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Waved Sphinx

August 24, 2026

Before Melissa retired, our breakfast nook table was her computer workstation in one half and the other served as a dedicated workstation for her succulents. The computer is now gone, and the succulents took over the whole. The table sits in front of a large bay window that allows Melissa to watch the birds come to feeders placed just outside. While we have always had numbers of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) these have recently been joined by a flock of young house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus). Over the last two weeks Melissa has noticed an increase in ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) coming to the hanging basket of button sage (Lantana involucrate) that sits among the feeders. I find this species interesting as the male is brown with a ruby throat and white belly, while the female is green with a white belly. With the increase in birds, Melissa cleared a spot for me to sit and read the morning paper and do my crossword. I have also noticed several bumble bees (genus Bombus) and large moths (order Lepidoptera) on the same flower. While I failed to document these fast birds, I did find a waved sphinx inside our porch.

When I went online, I found the waved sphinx (Ceratomia undulosa) is a common large moth in the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1856 and can be recognized by its mottled gray-brown wings and distinct wavy lines, with a small centered white spot on each forewing. The moth has a 3 to 4.25-inch (7.6 to 10.8 cm) wingspan. Despite its large size, its camouflage allows them to rest safely against tree bark. It is native in the US and southern Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. Adults are strictly nocturnal, hiding with the dawn. The Sphingidae family of moths are informally known as hawk moths because of their fast, strong, and hovering flight style, which resembles how a hawk flies. They have long, narrow wings and streamlined bodies built for rapid movement. The most common predator is the Guiana Striped Scorpion (Centruroides guianensis) which feasts on the moth’s egg clusters. As the two species seem to arrive at the same time, the scorpions show up as the moth lays eggs, there was a wrong conclusion the moths give birth to the scorpions (i.e., the name Scorpion Moth). Many Sphingidae caterpillars are known as hornworms from a distinct, horn-like spine located on their last abdominal segment.

I was concerned when I learned the waved sphinx was a horn worm. The five-spotted hawkmoth (Manduca quinquemaculata) caterpillar is a major pest often referred to as the tomato hornworm and uses tomatoes as the host plants. The food of the waved sphinx larvae are trees, and include ash (Fraxinus), privet (Ligustrum), oak (Quercus), hawthorn (Crataegus) and fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus). The caterpillars (larvae) go through five distinct growth stages (instars) over 3 to 4 weeks, shedding their skin each time. When ready, the larvae crawl from the plant and burrow a few inches/centimeters into the soil to pupate. In colder regions, the pupae overwinter underground in this chrysalis stage until spring. In warm months, this stage lasts 1 to 3 weeks. The adult moths emerge from the soil in spring or summer and live for 1 to 3 weeks before they reproduce and start the cycle again. Adults feed on flower nectar using a long mouth tube (proboscis).

Thoughts: When I tried to get close for a photo of the waved sphinx moth, I realized it was dead. Even if it had been alive, it posed no threat to my garden. I remember seeing the large green tomato hornworms in our garden when I was a child. While I did not understand them as a pest, I was awed by their size. The same was true with the adult sphinx. It is common for humans to fear large creatures before we determine whether they are a threat. We can treat other humans the same way. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Metricus

August 22, 2026

We used to use a pest control company to spray our Arkansas house several times a year. We quit spraying inside when Melissa began growing succulents to protect her many plants. I would watch the technicians as they put granules in the yard, sprayed around the base of the house, and swept the eaves for wasp (Suborder: Apocrita) nests. I realized the task was straight forward and being retired I could spare the periodic 30 minutes, so I took over the role. We still get canvassers saying, “We happen to be in the neighborhood . . . “, but I tell them I do it myself. When they ask what steps I use, I tell them same as they do, and their response is they have better chemicals. Frankly, I am wary of commercial chemicals, and they leave. I occasionally find a mud dauber (Subfamily: Sceliphrinae) nest that I spray and then knock off the house. While I have not seen a paper nest in a while, I did see a metricus paper wasp on my tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants last week.

When I went online, I found metricus paper wasp (Polistes metricus) is a wasp native to North America. In the US it ranges throughout the southern Midwest, the South, and as far northeast as New York, but has recently been spotted in southwest Ontario. A single female has also been reported from Dryden, Maine. The metricus has a dark rusty (ferruginous) color with black markings on its thorax and a mostly black abdomen. The lower portion of the legs (tarsi) are yellow, and the upper leg (tibia) is black. A black spot (separate from the antennae) contains three simple eyes (ocelli). Females have six abdominal segments, while males bear seven. Swelled parts of the abdomen of this species are a key defining element. Like other Polistes (genus), metricus has a high level of socialization (eusociality), including cooperative brood care, overlapping generations of adults within a colony, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. Like other hymenopterans (Order), sex is determined by if the egg is fertilized (haplodiploid genetics). The preferred prey to feed young is soft-bodied, and especially caterpillars. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has not evaluated this species’ conservation status.

Nests of the metricus paper wasp can be found attached to almost anything, the sides of buildings, trees, and shrubbery. Nests have been observed to be shared between two species of Polistes. The different species of wasp were seen to coexist without conflict. The evolutionary significance of joint nesting is unclear, but hypotheses include it might represent the beginning stages of interspecific sharing to the benefit of each (mutualism) or exploitation. Nest reuse has been observed in the species. It is common for a foundress to use the nest multiple times within a reproductive season, but it is unlikely for the foundresses to return to a nest in a subsequent season. Another distinction is metricus foragers take off from their nests in different directions depending on how long their trip will be. They exit the nest flying horizontally for short flights but exit the nest flying straight up to a high altitude before pursuing their direction for long flights.

Thoughts: One of my memories as a child was my brother and I trying to knock down the metricus paper wasp nests on our porch. The original front porch now faced a dirt street, and a side door faced a paved street, now making it the main entrance. That meant the large wraparound porch was rarely used. This seemed to be the perfect location for the paper nests. We were too afraid to approach the nests directly, so we would toss a broom at them until they fell to the ground. I can never remember being bothered by the wasps unless we were trying to knock down the nests. When I saw the metricus on my tomato it was not bothering me, so I left it alone as. That would have been a better reaction as a child as well. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Uses for Second

August 19, 2026

After I finished canning my salsa yesterday, I was disappointed to find that only four of the eight jars I processed in the steam bath had sealed. With the other jar of fresh salsa that gave me a total of 5 pints (2.7 l) of salsa that I would have to store in the refrigerator. Since these jars only had a shelf life of 3 to 5 days, there was no way I was going to be able to eat the salsa before it went bad. That meant a huge waste of time and money that I was not going to accept. I search online for a way to salvage all (or as much as possible) of my effort. What I found was that it is possible to run the salsa recipe a second time. That meant I needed to pour the unsealed jars back into a pot, check and wash the jars, change the lids, and then repeat the entire process. I always save the water in the canner to use on my garden, so I reheated it to boiling. I sterilized the jars and new lids and poured the reheated salsa back in, along with the fresh salsa I had kept in the refrigerator. This time I gave the canning an extra five minutes (35 total) and let the jars cool in the pot for another ten, just to be sure. All five jars of the second batch of salsa sealed, for a total of 9 pints (4.25 l).

When I went online, I found the word second can function as a noun, adjective, adverb, or verb. It is most used as a number or order position (adjective and adverb) in a series and means an ordinal number after first. As a rank or quality second means next in importance, authority, or precedence. Second can also be used as a measurement of time and space (noun) or as an informal expression for a short moment (e.g., wait a second). Second is used as a unit of angular movement in navigation and astronomy. In manufacturing second refers to items with minor flaws sold at a discount or the second forward gear in a motor vehicle’s transmission. In music second represents the interval between two adjacent notes on a musical scale. As an action (Verb) second can mean a formal statement of support or agreement for a motion so it can be debated or voted on (e.g., do I hear a second?) in a meeting. For the British military second means transferring an employee or military officer to a different temporary reassignment duty (pronounced se-COND). Just a few of many uses.

In a duel, a second is a trusted representative, advisor, and witness chosen to arrange the terms of combat, ensure fairness, and attempt to resolve the dispute peacefully. Dueling was never legally sanctioned under English common law, but statutory bans and constitutional prohibitions were passed from medieval times through the 19th century as individual nations and US states outlawed dueling. Dueling was globally outlawed by the Catholic Church in 1215 during the Fourth Council of the Lateran, but it was not until the 17th century that dueling was made illegal across various European nations where it was practiced. In the US, several states passed prohibitions in the 19th century and by 1859 it was explicitly banned in at least 16 American states. It was not until after the US Civil War that dueling effectively ceased and was universally banned across the US states and territories.

Thoughts: I was glad the second attempt to reprocess my salsa ended better than the three attempts it took to finish the duel after Kentucky Representative William Graves slapped Maine Congressman Jonathan Cilley in the face with an empty glove in 1838 (Cilley died). Another famous duel was between Vice President Aaron Burr and Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton was said to have shot in the air, but Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach. Hamilton died the next day. Burr was charged with murder but never went to trial, although it did squash his run for the presidency. Not a duel, but in 1856 Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner gave a fiery anti-slavery speech called “The Crime Against Kansas,” after which South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks beat him bloody and unconscious, polarizing the nation and became a major step toward the American Civil War. And we think congress misbehaves today. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Salsa

August 18, 2026

I have been keeping a close eye on my garden during the “feels like” 100+F (38+C) weather we had for the last week and predictions it will continue for the next 10 days. I have been watering daily to keep the new seeds moist, but nothing has come up except the two zucchinis (Cucurbita pepo) planted in containers on the pool deck. While my Roma tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are producing, the fruit is coming in spurts followed by a lull. I have tried to let the tomatoes ripen and stay on the vine as much as possible to get enough to process “something”. I already have 7 quarts (6.6 l) of pasta sauce from earlier this year, and 1 quart (0.95 l) left from last year, so pasta sauce is not a good idea. I used the green tomatoes to make salsa verde last fall, but we gave away or ate most of those jars. I have already made fresh Pico de Gallo several times and I felt I needed something with a longer shelf life. I collected the rest of the tomatoes and enough fresh jalapenos (Capsicum annuum) to try another version of salsa.

When I went online, I found a salsa is any of a variety of sauces used as condiments for tacos and other Mexican and Mexican-American foods, and as dips for tortilla chips. The salsa may be raw or cooked and are generally served at room temperature. The word salsa means any kind of sauce in Spanish, but in English it refers specifically to these Mexican table sauces. Tortilla chips with salsa are a ubiquitous appetizer in Mexican-American restaurants, but not in Mexico itself. Using salsa as a table dip was popularized by Mexican restaurants in the US. In the 1980’s, tomato-based Mexican-style salsas gained in popularity and by 1992 the dollar value of salsa sales in the US exceeded those of tomato ketchup. The World Health Organization says care should be taken in the preparation and storage of salsa and any other types of sauces, since many raw-served varieties can act as growth media for potentially dangerous bacteria, especially when unrefrigerated.

After picking my tomatoes I searched for an easy recipe for canning my salsa online. The recipe combined 9 cups (9.1 l) chopped tomatoes, 2 cups (0.5 l) green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum), 2 cups (0.5 l) white onion (Allium cepa), 4 medium jalapenos, and 4 cloves of chopped garlic (Allium sativum). One cup (0.25 l) of white vinegar provided the acidity to can the salsa for storage. I chopped up the tomatoes and realized although it seemed like a lot, they were only 3 cups (0.7 l). The recipe specified white and not red onion, or it would alter the color. The same was true for the green pepper rather than the red ones from my garden. I went to the store for more tomatoes, the “right” colors, and more pint canning jars. This afternoon Melissa and I set about our water-bath salsa canning. I (graciously) allowed her to cut up the jalapenos, and after I peeled the tomatoes (boiling and then ice water) she cut the tomatoes while I cut up the bells and onion to combine with minced garlic from the refrigerator. The combination was simmered for 20 minutes to cook the vegetables and meld the flavors, placed in sterilized jars, and into the water bath for 30 minutes. We ended up with 8 canned jars and another fresh in the refrigerator (would not fit). It was easy.

Thoughts: The contamination now at US restaurants made me think about my salsa. A 2002 study by the University of Texas–Houston found salsa contaminated with E. coli in 66 from restaurants tested in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico and in 40% in restaurants tested in Houston, Texas. In 2010, the CDC reported 1 in 25 foodborne illnesses between 1998 and 2008 was traced back to restaurant sauces carelessly prepared or stored. A 2010 paper on salsa food hygiene described refrigeration as “the key” to keeping the food safe. This study also found that fresh lime juice (add for a salsa pH of 3.6) and fresh garlic (but not powdered garlic) combined would prevent the growth of Salmonella. I am meticulous when I can, as you should be. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Planting

August 10, 2026

I blogged several weeks ago about tearing the last of the plants out of my raised beds to prepare them for fall planting. I purchased the seeds after cleaning the beds but was hesitant to plant them in the ground with the searing 100’s+F (37.8+C) heat. Yesterday I decided to move ahead. Like most things I do, the beginning of one project cannot happen until others get done. The raised beds use the hügelkultur (logs and brush) and while I do not have any collapsed holes, the beds all sank since I refilled them in April. That meant I needed to get a load of potting mix from the mulch yard. By the time I got ready it was too hot to work on Saturday, and the yard is closed on Sunday. The onion sets (Allium cepa) were starting to go bad, and I did not want to wait another week. I calculated what it would cost for a half cubic yard (third cubic m) and found it would not be much more to purchase 40-pound (18 kg) bags of mix. I knuckled down and bought 15 bags to refill the beds, and the six new potato grow bags. I needed to know when I should be planting the various seeds.

When I went online, I found The Farmer’s Almanac provides a Fall planting calendar for my zone (7b). The 9th and 10th were the most favorable days for planting beets (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), onions, turnips (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), and other root crops so I was good there. I am also planting radishes but with their short growing period (30 days) I decided to wait and try to harvest everything together. The 18th and 19th were recommended for my peas (Pisum sativum), so I guess I jumped the gun on those. The broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) recommended I plant seed starters and replant them in 2 weeks. I instead planted them directly in the ground now (we will see how that goes). The 25th to 27th are barren days, and a good time for killing plant pests. If the squash vine borer (Melittia cucurbitae) comes back, I will be ready. The 28th and 29th are excellent for any vine crops like my squash. Again, I already planted zucchini and straightneck squash (both Cucurbita pepo). Hopefully, this will work intuitively rather than by the Almanac (it could happen).

When I was clearing my beds for planting, I mentioned I had five (really) small heads of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) that I cleaned and put in the vegetable bin. All I needed was inspiration for what to do with them. With my other crops in the ground, I decided to try another batch of sauerkraut. I made one quart (0.9 l) a month ago and it is fermenting well on the pantry shelf. I sliced the cabbage last night, then got distracted. I had put salt on the sliced cabbage, and it sat on the cabinet all day yesterday. I was too tired to deal with it last night, so I placed it in the refrigerator. That proved to be a mistake. When I took it out this morning the cut leaves needed to be kneaded for 5 or 6 minutes to break them down and bring the water out. While I could have let it raise to room temperature, I had already procrastinated enough, and I moved ahead. The cold nearly froze my fingers.

THOUGHTS: I seem to treat planting the same way I do cooking. There are recipes out there, but what is the fun of that? There are planting guides out there, but what could it hurt? Both the recipes and planting guides follow proven methods. While chefs often improvise for new tastes and cuisines, unless you are trying for a new cultivar, gardeners rarely do. There is also wiggle room built into the planting suggestions. If my unorthodox schedule works, there will be plenty of vegetables for the food bank. If it does not, we already support them monetarily. You always need a backup plan. In graduate school I was frowned upon because I did not support a specific theory, instead preferring to be eclectic. Eclectic is harder because you need to understand multiple theories and be willing to see what works in each situation. While this may not be the safest approach, it can produce a better result. Being open can also be valuable in life. Act for all. Change will come and it starts with you.