August 26, 2023

I have (once more) been cleaning my closet to downsize the stuff we boxed up and carried from one house to the next.  I had already cleared out all the clothes that no longer fit.  This purge was to get rid of (donate) office supplies we have accumulated from work and home offices over the last decade.  I dutifully began with boxes from my last home office as well as the keepsakes I used to decorate my work office.  I was amazed how many writing pads I accumulated, especially since I bought a new bundle for my home office recently thinking I was out.  After working through my boxes (and tossing most as trash), I tentatively began to go through Melissa’s work boxes.  Even as I consolidated the pens, pads, envelopes, and miscellaneous supplies I was smart enough to ask before I threw anything out.  One item I came across was a small red envelope.  I nearly threw it in the trash but decided to see if it contained anything.  It was lucky I checked as there was a US$2 bill inside.

When I looked online, I found a red envelope or red packet is a gift of bills given during holidays or for special occasions such as a wedding, graduation, or birth of a baby.  Although the red envelope is from Chinese traditions, other cultures share similar traditional customs.  The red packet is also called “money warding off old age” (yāsuì qián) for Chinese New Year.  The custom has been adopted across parts of Southeast Asia, and other countries that have a sizable ethnic Chinese population.  In the mid-2010’s, a digital equivalent to the practice emerged within messaging apps with mobile wallet systems localized for the Chinese New Year.  It is traditional to put brand-new bills inside the red envelopes and to avoid opening the envelopes in front of the relatives who provide them out of courtesy.  However, to get the money, the younger generation needs to show respect by prostration (kowtow) or kneeling and bowing so low as to have one’s head touching the ground.  In Eastern Asian (Sinospheric) culture, the kowtow is the highest sign of reverence.  This act has been reduced in modern times, but it had been widely used to show reverence for one’s elders, superiors, and especially the Emperor of China, as well as religious and cultural objects of worship.  The red envelope had been given to Melissa by a friend over ten years ago and saved as an office memento of their friendship, and my finding it proved it to be lucky.

While the US$2 bills Melissa’s friend had placed inside are a past and current denomination of US currency they have fallen into disuse.  The bills feature a portrait of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809), the third US president, on the obverse and an engraving of John Trumbull’s painting (circa 1818) Declaration of Independence on the reverse.  Pre-1929 the larger sized bills were issued as a US Note, National Bank Note, Silver Certificate, Treasury or “Coin” Note, and Federal Reserve Bank Note.  When currency was changed to a standardized size in 1928, US$2 bills were redesigned and only issued as US Notes.  The production of these bills was phased out in 1966 but reissued in 1976 as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design.  As a result of banking policies with businesses two-dollar bills do not circulate as widely as other US currency bills.  

Thoughts:  The comparative scarcity in circulation and a lack of public knowledge that the bills are still being printed has inspired several urban legends about its authenticity, rarity, and value, and can create problems for those trying to use the bills to make a purchase.  Scarcity also indicates significant numbers of the bills are removed from circulation and collected by people who believe the bill to be rarer and more valuable than it is.  Or perhaps being given on special occasions it is cherished and eventually lost.  Working as a cashier, I could never figure out where to put the bills in the change drawer.  The two-dollar bills are different and do not fit naturally into cash registers but that does not make them less valuable.  The same is idea true with people.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

August 24, 2023

I was (only) mildly surprised when I went to the big box store in town yesterday.  I needed to get smoked salmon for my version of the “tiny sandwiches” my sister-in-law makes for Christmas Eve.  I really like smoked salmon, so we tend to have this treat whenever they take my fancy.  Mine are not nearly as elaborate as the traditional ones her Danish mother taught her to make, but I still count them as an homage to the many times we have enjoyed the delicacies at her house.  As I wound my way through the snack aisles, I came across an endcap that had a large display of Halloween treats.  These snacks were on display with Halloween still two and a half months away.  Still, it was only tubs of individually wrapped cheese balls and pretzels.  When I came out on the main aisle, I was surprised by large racks of Halloween costumes and Halloween yard displays hanging from the ceiling.  This was a full scale rush that skipped right over Labor Day and into Halloween.  I guess Labor Day costumes are not a big sales item.

When I looked online, I found the site Emily Post Etiquette that addressed the summer traditions in the early 20th century.  While there are no official costumes, Labor Day did mark the end of wearing white clothing.  During the first three decades in the US northeast seaboard the summer season was bracketed by Memorial Day and Labor Day.  Society families left their city town house to a seaside “cottage” or mountain “cabin” to escape the heat.  City clothes were left behind in exchange for lighter, whiter, summer outfits.  With their return to the city after Labor Day, summer clothes were put away and replaced by formal city clothes.  This was an age when society had a dress code for practically every occasion, and the signal to mark the change between summer resort clothes and clothing worn for the rest of the year was encapsulated in the dictum, “No white after Labor Day.”  Today’s styles are more about fabric choice than color.  Etiquette says, “the true interpretation is ‘wear what’s appropriate—for the weather, the season, or the occasion.”

Wearing costumes is a big part of attending one of the many Comic-Con events, where it is called cosplay.  When you observe the variety of costumes it reveals the consideration, time, and toil that went into their creation.  That includes the accompanying props, makeup, headgear, and more.  For those wearing the costumes and playing the characters they often view their toil as the labor of love.  They know the “cultural capital” of a completed costume will be judged by overall quality and the amount of time and labor invested in their creation.  Some cosplayers enjoy the attention received while walking around in full costumes.  Others are uncomfortable with the attention, particularly when they are wearing revealing costumes which can prompt inappropriate behavior.  Some cons display signs warning that, “cosplay is not consent,” reminding attendees to ask permission before taking pictures, and to avoid unwanted touching.

Thoughts:  Living in California attended the annual Renaissance Faire with friends.  The Faire was in a large, wooded area which provided enough room for permanent enclaves for fantasy (elves and fairies), pirates, royalty (Queens and peasants), along with knights and ladies.  Each enclave featured the appropriate food and drink.  We would prepare our costumes for the event months in advance by searching the used clothing stores and specialty shops of the Bay Area.  Unlike the comic-cons there were no preset characters, and the costumes could reflect almost anything or one.  My character was usually built around whatever purchases I had made in the previous months.  Costumes are a good way to take on another role or persona for a little while.  In life we need to understand who we are, even as we grow into who we would like to be.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

August 23, 2023

Last night was our league fantasy football draft.  I mentioned before our 10 team league is centered around relationships with my son Alex, who is also the commissioner.  Several days before the draft I went out to the website and broke down the standings for players last year and the predictions for this year.  I came up with an elaborate plan to determine the position order that I would draft and the top players (and by how much) in each position.  This year’s draft had another nuisance as Alex was joined in selecting the players for his team by his son.  Brooks had assured his dad they would draft all the good players and then win the championship.  Just like the 32 teams that play in the NFL, we all start on an even playing field (0 – 0) and know there is a chance we can win it all.

When I looked online, I found dozens of Fantasy Football draft sites offering to give you the best information to make your picks.  I play in an ESPN Fantasy League which offers free advice (as well as in-depth advice for a price) which is much like the other draft information sites.  Another example is the 2023 Yahoo Fantasy Football Draft Kit which touts “being updated daily and we’ll continue to add new content here all the way up until the season kicks off.”  The kit provides the rankings, sleepers, busts, position previews, and the expert analysis you need to become the league champion.  You can try mock drafts to help hone your drafting skills.  You can subscribe (for a price) to the Yahoo Fantasy Football Show and receive up to the minute advice five times a week.  After the season begins the site offers Yahoo Fantasy Plus to keep you up to date during the season and to give you “an exclusive edge on the competition”.  With all that advice you are sure to win, right?

The order of league draft picks can be determined randomly or by the previous year’s league standings, where the team with the worst record picks first, followed by the team with the second-worst record, and so on.  In some leagues owners retain the same draft position in each round, but our league uses a “serpentine” or “snake” draft.  In the snake draft, the owner who picks first in the odd rounds picks last in the even rounds, while the owner who picks second in the odd rounds picks second to last in the even rounds, and so on.  League drafts can be conducted in “live” or “auto” formats.  Live drafts involve team owners selecting players in real time, while auto drafts are those in which selections are made by the computer based on pre-draft rankings set by the owner.  Owners who are not present at the time of the draft will often “auto-draft” while the rest of the league makes live selections.  Leagues where the owners live near to each other can hold the draft at a single location with a draft party.  Sinc e my league is scattered across the country, we all draft from home, and many use the auto draft format.  

Thoughts:  Last night I drafted in the middle of the pack in our league.  That meant I was alternately the fifth and sixth pick in the 16 rounds of the snake draft.  For all my planning, I did not get any of the top two players at their position, only two others were in the top three, and my tight end fell completely off the chart.  My hope is for one of the undrafted rookies to have a breakout season and I can pick him up early.  You never know.  So far, I am still tied for first (0 – 0) for the season.  While nature seems to use an opportunistic approach for survival, humans often take an optimistic approach.  We hope for the best even as we try to create a better outcome.  Try to treat life like my fantasy draft knowing there will be opportunities for the future.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

August 22, 2023

The top story in today’s Daily Briefing from my local online newspaper led with an article (jokingly) warning people scared of spiders (arachnophobia) to be on the lookout for a tarantula.  As the weather cools the mating season begins for the brown tarantula.  Mating season runs from late August through October, as the arachnids leave their burrows and hideouts in dry, arid areas to roam across the land in search of mates.  Unlike web-spinning spiders, tarantulas often take over old burrows dug by other animals or dig their own, lining the holes with webbing to trap their prey and foil predators.  The species is nocturnal and hunts at night.  When the males begin their mating migration, they can often be seen close to houses or crossing roadways.  The males do not have any time to waste, as their lifespan in the wild is only up to one year.  Females can live up to three decades.

When I looked online, I found the Texas brown tarantula (Aphonopelma hentzi), also known as Oklahoma brown tarantula or Missouri tarantula, is one of the most common species of tarantula living in the Southern US.  The large brown spider can be found in parts of Mexico, along with six US states (Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, and Louisiana).  The stocky arachnids can grow to be four to five inches (10 to 12.5 cm) long and weigh between 1 to 3 ounces (28 to 85 grams).  Coloration ranges from light brown to black and may vary between individuals.  The generally docile tarantula is often kept as a pet.  The brown tarantula has venom that is toxic to very small animals but not humans.  If incited, they may stand on their back legs to show their fangs to intimidate a potential threat but will not strike unprovoked.  The dense hairs on their body are also used to fling at the eyes of a predator when they are threatened.  Though they look scary, the tarantula is generally shy and avoids human contact.  During mating season, however, they are more on the move.

Arachnophobia is a 1990 American horror comedy film directed by Frank Marshall in his directorial debut and starring Jeff Daniels and John Goodman.  The film follows a small California town that is invaded by an aggressive and dangerous spider species.  The film used over 300 Avondale spiders (Delena cancerides) from New Zealand.  Although not a tarantula, the spider was chosen for its large size, unusual social lifestyle, and harmlessness to humans.  The spiders did not like Lemon Pledge furniture wax or hot blowing air.  To make the spiders hit their “marks” during filming, a pathway was created using Lemon Pledge as the boundaries and hair blow dryers were used to get the spiders to move.  The spiders avoided the Lemon Pledge and moved following the non-Pledged pathways created when the hot blow dryer air was aimed at them, hitting their marks precisely.  Cast members were not afraid of the spiders and even adopted a few of them.  After each “cut” was yelled, the cast would stop screaming and say “Oh, be careful, don’t step on that one” and “don’t forget that one over there”, while laughing the whole time.

Thoughts:  While you may be scared or tempted to stomp on a tarantula when sighted, the old adage is true, “they are more afraid of you than you are of them”.  The story goes that when the spider jumps on Becky Beechwood’s face in arachnophobia it was a “happy accident”.   The spider was following the Pledge pathway and was supposed to jump onto her neck when the blow dryers were turned on, but the spider landed on her face.  Actress Cori Wellins had her eyes closed relishing her hot shower and realized what had happened, thinking ” this is PERFECT!”  She continued as the spider crawled down onto her upper chest before she opened her eyes and “screamed”.  Now that is acting.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

August 21, 2023

It has been brutally hot across the US southern states this summer.  Temperatures in Arkansas this week have (and will) hover over 100F (37.8C) with feels like temperatures (factoring humidity) of over 115F (46C).  That has made it hard for me to want to go outside to care for my containers or my yard.  The kids still want to go outside and eagerly rush the door when it is opened, but it is not long before they are ready to come back inside, and they always take a long drink before laying down exhausted.  Even inside the air conditioned house (kept at 80F/26.6C) I find it hard to get motivated to do much of anything.  I try and force myself to water in the evening and occasionally get to the store during the afternoon.  Beyond that I sit in front of the fan in my office and work crossword puzzles.  I wondered if my lack of productivity was due to the heat or just the general malaise of dog days of summer.

When I looked online, I found studies consistently confirm that room temperature and work productivity are directly related.  Research suggests a direct link between hot temperatures and lower productivity, but also that the correlation is more prominent in men.  Women were found to be more productive in warmer temperatures, especially when tackling verbal and mathematical tasks.  The results showed that women performed better in warmer temperatures, whereas men performed better in cooler temps.  The researchers noted the increase in women’s productivity at higher temperatures was much larger than the subsequent decrease in male productivity at the same temperature.  This suggests the best case scenario for a workplace is to err on the side of warm versus cool, as the decrease in the men’s productivity is canceled out by the increase in women’s productivity.  That assumes the genders are evenly distributed in terms of roles and responsibilities.  In the US, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s recommended indoor temperature as a range of 68F to 76F (20C to 24.5C).  

Overexertion in the heat can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke which can be fatal, and it is important for employees to take frequent breaks and stay hydrated on hot days.  This suggests employees would be less productive on a hot day compared to a day with pleasant weather.  The Becker Friedman Institute at the University of Chicago tested this idea by studying companies in India.  The researchers found that productivity declined at a rate of 2 to 4 percent for every 1.8 degree Fahrenheit (1C) after temperatures rose above 80F (27C). Workers were also more likely to take off work or call in sick during hot weather.  The study notes every time the average annual temperature in India rose by 1 degree Celsius, the country’s overall productivity declined by 3 percent.  Since global temperatures are set to rise over the next decades, this means we will all experience less productivity.

Thoughts:  Lack of productivity is often associated with the dog days of summer, or the hot, sultry days of summer.  While this is generally associated with the lazy dog sleeping in front of a fan, historically it referred to the period following the heliacal rising of the star system Sirius (the “Dog Star”), which Hellenistic astrology connected with heat, drought, sudden thunderstorms, lethargy, fever, mad dogs, and bad luck.  They are now taken to be the hottest and most uncomfortable part of summer in the Northern Hemisphere.  Productivity in the office, and the field, is a result of compromise.  That is true for the sexes as well as acclimatization.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

August 18, 2023

Today’s newspaper reveled new discoveries have given a different insight to the mummified remains of a man found by hikers in a glacier in the Italian Alps in 1991.  The man had been killed by an arrow shot into his back and had then frozen into the ice.  The mummy was found along with his clothing and gear, including a copper axe, a longbow, and a bearskin cap.  The mummy is Europe’s oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of Copper Age (Chalcolithic) Europeans.  The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death have been the subject of much investigation and speculation.  An earlier draft of the mummy’s genome was published in 2012 but with the advances in genome studies a new examination was conducted in 2023.  As the mummy was discovered in Ötztal Alps, it has been given the nickname “Ötzi”.

When I looked online, I found a new study of ancient DNA extracted from Ötzi’s pelvis revealed the 5,300-year-old mummy had dark skin and dark eyes and was probably bald.  This contrasts with the original reconstruction of Ötzi that depicts a pale-skinned man with a full head of hair and a beard.  It was originally believed the skin was discolored and the hair lost through the frozen mumification process.  Albert Zink, coauthor of the research published Wednesday in the scientific journal Cell Genomics, said “the dark skin color of the mummy is quite close to the Iceman’s skin color during (his) lifetime.”  Zink noted this is not surprising as many Europeans at that time likely had darker skin coloring than many present-day Europeans.  Lighter skin was an adaptation to changes in climate and diet, as farmers have less vitamin D in their diet than hunter-gatherers.  The iceman consumed a lot of meat, which was confirmed by the analysis of his stomach showing the presence of ibex and deer meat.

According to the study, the genome sequenced from DNA taken from Ötzi’s pelvis was more complete than a previous genome that was pieced together in 2012 when the field of ancient DNA was still in its infancy.  The latest research helps clear up a puzzle in Ötzi’s ancestry.  The 2012 study revealed that he had traces in his genome from the steppe people, sometimes known as Yamnaya, who only arrived in Europe centuries after his death.  The new study shows that this early result was probably the result of contamination by modern human DNA.  The 2023 study on Ötzi’s genome evidenced a high proportion (90%) of Anatolian-farmer-related ancestry with a lesser contribution from European hunter-gatherer-related ancestry.  The genome also appeared to rule out a previously proposed genetic affinity between Ötzi and present-day Sardinians.  When researchers compared Ötzi’s genome with those of other ancient humans, they found he had more in common with early Anatolian (Turkey) farmers who did not have much interaction with his European hunter-gatherer contemporaries.  The iceman most likely lived in a relatively isolated area with only limited contact to other populations and low gene flow from hunter-gatherer-ancestry-related populations.  When he did have contact, it may have been his last.

Thoughts:  This is not the first time the story of Ötzi has been rewritten.  It was originally thought that Ötzi froze to death, but a 2001 X-ray revealed an arrowhead in his shoulder, which would have been fatal.  The mummy also had a head injury, possibly sustained at the same time, and his right hand shows a defense wound.  “The whole story of the Iceman is intriguing, including the mystery of his violent death . . .  and the question why he was up there in the high mountains when he was killed,” Zink said.  Ötzi appears to represent the long standing conflict between different groups and lifeways.  The farmers of the valley did not associate with the hunter-gatherers of the mountain and likely did not understand (or respect) the differences.  In our globalized world we cannot afford to make the same mistake.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

August 17, 2023

(Terrence Collingsworth / Associated Press)

Inside the front section of yesterday’s newspaper was an article on a lawsuit asking the US government to enforce the 1930’s era law that requires the government to ban products created by child labor from entering the US.  The nonprofit group International Rights Advocates filed the suit as Customs and Border Patrol and the Department of Homeland Security were ignoring the extensive documented evidence of child labor in cultivation of cocoa headed for major US based chocolate companies.  These companies had already agreed in 2001 to stop using the child sourced cocoa by 2005 (they did not) and now say they will eliminate the worst forms of child labor in their supply chains by 2025.  A 2019 study found 790,000 children, as young as 5 years, were working the Ivory Coast cocoa plantations.  Ivory Coast officials have said they are taking steps to eradicate child labor, but blocking the imports to US companies would devastate the nation’s economy.

When I looked online, I found the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1938.  This was among 121 bills signed by the president 9 days after Congress had retired from session to avoid pocket vetoes.  The law had faced corporate and judicial opposition and had been altered and rewritten by Congress for the last year.  The final form of the act applied to industries whose combined employment represented only about one-fifth of the labor force.  FLSA banned oppressive child labor and set the minimum hourly wage at US$.25, and the maximum workweek at 44 hours.  The act became effective on October 24, 1938, effectively banning the use of child labor under the age of 16 years.

Child labor violations have been on the rise in the US since 2015 after steadily declining for years.  In 2015 the federal Wage and Hour Division found 1,012 minors employed in violation of child labor laws, with an average of 1.9 violations per case.  That number grew more than triple to 3,876 in 1922 and averaged 4.6 violations per case.  Most violations occur in places where it is appropriate for minors to work.  That means teenagers are working too many hours at a grocery store or operating a fryer and staying too late at a fast-food chain.  The US generally has good child labor laws, except for agriculture where minors as young as 12 can work long hours and agriculture’s hazardous-occupation orders are not as strict.  While child labor violations can affect minors of all backgrounds, Reid Maki, director of child labor advocacy for the National Consumers League, says “a lot of the kids we see working in exploitative situations tend to be from immigrant families. . . and Latino,” often harvesting fruits and vegetables.

Thoughts:  One of the central allegations of the lawsuit is that while the chocolate company defendants did not own the cocoa farms, they “knowingly profited” from the illegal child labor.  According to the submissions, the defendants’ contracted suppliers were able to provide lower prices than if they had employed adult workers with proper protective equipment.  Saving a few pennies on your favorite bar of chocolate should not come at the cost of exploiting a child and destroying any possible future they may have.  That is true in the US, and for US company’s supply chains abroad.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

August 16, 2023

Hidden in the back section of today’s newspaper I found an article on deep sea mapping happening off the Alaskan coast.  A team of 48 researchers and crew are part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) five month mission aboard the Okeanos Explorer, a reconfigured naval vessel.  The ship is outfitted with the tools and technology to look deep into the ocean and collect data that can be shared in real time with onshore researchers as well as the researchers onboard.  The deep ocean off Alaska’s Aleutian Islands is one of the least mapped places in the US, with only 34% of the Alaskan seafloor mapped.  This is also one of the nation’s largest coastal ecosystems, and only a fraction of it has been seen.  NOAA has a goal of mapping all US deep waters by 2030 and near-shore waters by 2040.

When I looked online, I found the Okeanos Explorer has traveled the globe, exploring everywhere from the Indonesian “Coral Triangle Region” and benthic environments in the Galápagos, to areas in the Gulf of Mexico, canyons and seamounts off the Northeast US Atlantic coast, and marine protected areas of the Pacific.  The Okeanos collects baseline data in unexplored areas to further knowledge, while setting the stage for more in-depth exploration in the future.  Prior to being acquired by NOAA in 2004 and commissioned in 2008, Okeanos operated as the US Naval Ship Capable, a T-AGOS class vessel.  The NOAA ship was named by students from Illinois’ Woodstock High School in a nationwide ship-naming contest.  In ancient Greek cosmology, Okeanos was the river/ocean that encircled the world.  The ship is homeported in Newport, Rhode Island.

Okeanos Explorer is the only federal vessel dedicated to exploring the largely unknown ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge.  NOAA Ocean Exploration owns the mission equipment used during expeditions on Okeanos and coordinates the ship’s exploratory missions.  The two remotely vehicles are operated via a partnership with NOAA Ocean Exploration and the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration.  Missions of the 224-foot vessel include mapping, characterization of the site, reconnaissance, advancing technology, education, and outreach.  Everything done is focused on understanding, managing, and protecting the ocean.  The Okeanos uses a variety of advanced technologies to explore and characterize unknown or poorly known deepwater ocean areas, features, and phenomena at depths ranging from 820 to 19,700 feet (250 to 6,000 m).  The ship is equipped with four different types of mapping sonars that collect high-resolution data about the seafloor and the water column, a dual-body remotely operated vehicle (ROV) capable of diving to depths of 19,700 feet (6,000 m), and a suite of other instruments to help characterize the deep ocean.  The ship not only sends data to onshore researchers but can livestream dives to the public.

Thoughts:  Okeanos Explorer maps the undersea landscape, but also discovers new species in the unique environments it explores.  Scientists believe only 10% of the world’s ocean species have been identified, and that there are around 2 million yet to be discovered.  Of the nearly 250,000 known marine species, scientists believe all fully aquatic marine mammals emit sounds, as well as at least 100 invertebrates and 1,000 fish species.  Fish and invertebrates use sound for basic life functions.  Tiny oyster larvae use sound to guide them to a healthy reef.  Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have evolved over millions of years to use a variety of complex sounds to help navigate, communicate, and mate.  When healthy, vibrant environments start to go quiet, it is a sign they are dying.  When marine areas are protected, the species communication returns, and the vibrancy of the reef comes back.  The deep sea areas already suffer from pollution and steps need to be taken to protect these irreplaceable sites and species.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

August 15, 2023

(Thom Bridge/Independent Record)

At the back of the front section of today’s newspaper I found an article on a lawsuit working through the courts in Montana.  Sixteen Montana youths between the ages of 5 and 22 sued the state, the governor, the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, the state’s public commission office, and other state departments in 2020 over Montana’s fossil fuel-based energy system.  The lawsuit cited scientific evidence that burning fossil fuels is contributing to global warming that is already causing them harm.  The judge’s ruling said a provision in Montana’s Environmental Policy Act violated the right to a clean environment, guaranteed under Montana’s state constitution, by promoting the continued use of fossil fuels.  The court said a provision in the law preventing the state from considering the climate impacts of energy projects is unconstitutional.  The decision is based on the provision in the Montana Constitution that guarantees citizens a “clean and healthful” environment.  At least three other states (Pennsylvania, New York, and Hawaii) have similar language in their constitutions, and all have similar lawsuits.

When I looked online, I found the carbon dioxide emissions which are at the heart of the lawsuit are associated with energy and industrial production and come from a range of fuels.  The contribution of each source has changed significantly over time, and still shows large differences by region.  Early industrialization used coal-fired power and emerged in Europe and North America during the 1700’s.  By the late 1800’s there is a growth in emissions from oil and gas production.  By the late 1900’s there are emissions from flaring and cement production.  Solid and liquid fuel now dominate industry, although emissions from production of gas are significant.  Cement and flaring remain comparably small even at a global level.  Total emissions from different sources are largely reflected by the population of a given country.  The distribution of emissions across different fuel sources is also dependent on energy production and mix in each country.  In the US or the UK, oil followed by gas are the largest contributors.  In China and India coal is much more dominant, and in Russia the largest emissions come from gas.

In ruling on the lawsuit, the judge did not lay out specific steps for the state to take, but the order opens the door for state officials to consider climate impacts in future policy decisions, on energy and mining projects, or efficiency and emissions standards.  The state opposed the lawsuit largely on procedural grounds, arguing the challenge was overly broad and that Montana’s specific contribution to global greenhouse-gas emissions could not be identified and therefore was not the state’s responsibility to regulate.  Montana’s Republican-majority legislature has supported fossil fuel infrastructure in the resource-heavy region and passed a new law this session explicitly prohibiting analysis of greenhouse gases and climate effects in environmental-impact reviews by state agencies.  That law was blocked by Monday’s ruling.  The Montana attorney general’s office said it planned to appeal, saying that Monday’s ruling was “absurd” and that the trial was a “weeklong taxpayer-funded publicity stunt.”

Thoughts:  In a 1999 landmark decision (MEIC v. Montana DEQ) the Montana Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Montanans’ constitutional right to a clean and healthful environment (Article IX, Section 1) is “a fundamental right and one that is intended to be preventative in nature.”  The lawsuit was filed because the Montana Department of Environmental Quality had allowed the Seven-Up Pete Joint Venture to pump millions of gallons of arsenic-tainted water into the Landers Fork and Blackfoot Rivers without treatment.  The Supreme Court’s ruling said blanket exemptions are unconstitutional unless the State can show a compelling State interest in granting them.  Caring for the environment ultimately comes back to caring for humans as well as the planet.  We are not at odds with the planet and need to stop acting like we are.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

August 10, 2023

While I have been reading articles on the shrinking glaciers on Greenland and the melting tundra in Alaska and Siberia there has been little mention of the frozen south.  Now scientists are reporting this remote and desolate land is recording record shattering temperatures of 70F (17.8C) above normal over the summer of 2023 (northern winter).  The temperature extremes also vary wildly from the east to the west side of the continent.  The western peninsula is seeing dramatic loss of ice sheets while the east has at times gained ice.  One western ice sheet has been named the Doomsday Glacier as it has been melting so fast.  The sea ice that surrounds Antarctica is also melting, turning from a record high to the lowest amount ever recorded.  Martin Siegert and Anna Hogg who coauthored the research paper state that if the trend continues it will result in disappearing coastlines and increased global warming as the light reflecting ice disappears across the continent of Antarctica.

When I looked online, I found Antarctica is Earth’s southernmost and least-populated continent.  This southern landmass is situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean) and contains the geographic South Pole.   Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, with an area of 5,500,000 square miles (14,200,000 km²).  Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet which has an average thickness of 1.2 miles (1.9 km).  The continent on average is the coldest, driest, and windiest of the seven continents, and has the highest average elevation.  The land is a polar desert, with annual precipitation of just over 8 inches (200 mm) along the coast and far less inland.  Nearly 70% of the world’s freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica.  If they were to melt it would raise global sea levels by almost 200 feet (60 m).  Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth at −128.6F (−89.2C), while the coastal regions can reach temperatures over 50F (10C) in summer.  Native animal species include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals, and tardigrades. Where vegetation exists, it is mostly lichen or moss.

The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (PEP) was enacted in 1998 and is due to be reviewed in 2048.  The treaty restricts the exploitation of the resources of Antarctic continent, including the small deposits of minerals that have been found.  The treaty also makes tourism subject to the provisions of PEP.  The self-regulatory body is the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators.  Tourists are allowed to arrive by small or medium ship at specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife.  Over 74,000 tourists visited the region during the 2019-2020 season.  While 18,500 arrived on cruise ships that did not include excursions on land, the other 55,500 impacted the coastal shores.  Some conservation groups have expressed concern over possible adverse effects caused by these visitors and have called for limits on visiting cruise ships and a tourism quota.  The response by PEP has been to develop guidelines that set landing limits and closure or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites.  Qantas now operates commercial overflights to the continent from Australia.

Thoughts:  The population of researchers in Antarctic continent varies from around 4,000 in summer to 1,000 in winter, with another 1,000 personnel (ship crews and scientists) doing onboard research in the surrounding waters.  At least 11 children have been born in Antarctica.  These extra 60,000 people (tourists and researchers) on land have their own impact on the fragile environment.  “Because it is there” used to be sufficient reason to challenge the wilds.  It now appears to have shifted to, “Because I can”.  Act for all.  Change is coming and it starts with you.