January 31, 2022

Melissa and I went to the market Friday to pick up several items.  Even though we make a list, we still cross paths with those “must have” items.  While we gathered our purchase, I could not help noticing the empty shelf space.  I could tell by the price labeling many of these spaces had held less expensive store brands.  It is well known that store brands (and especially groceries) are made by many of the same manufacturers as name brands.  Usually, the only difference is the packaging and the price.  Since I buy store brands, I assume these products sold out quicker due to cost.  The manufacturer filled their own orders, and there may not have been enough product to produce the store brands.  Regardless, this left a lot of open shelves.

When I looked online, I found many name-brand manufacturers also make store brands for retailers.  These often sit side by side on the shelf with the store brands but at a lower price.  Quite often what you are paying for with the brands is marketing and packaging.  Another marketing tactic is generic brands (often market goods) which are distinguished by the absence of any brand name.  These products are identified by the product characteristics (i.e., “Beets”) and are usually in black-and-white packaging.  These are also often made by manufactures of the name brands and imitate the brands but at a lower price.  While generic brands may be produced by the same manufacturer, they are thought of as lower quality by consumers.  If I buy them, the quality varies depending on the product. 

One of the store brands Melissa prefers is sweetener.  This was on our list, but after we got home, we had not purchased the item.  I went to the store the next day to buy sweetener.  I did not find the sweetener she wanted, but who can tell the difference, right?  I also purchased my flavored water.  The flavor I wanted was not available and I tentatively bought another.  I try to not use plastic bags and instead have reusable cloth bags.  During the pandemic our store has not allowed outside bags, so I leave them in my car and bag my purchases outside.  When I got outside, I realized I had not paid for the water.  I took the water back in and ran it through the register.  This time I ran the item twice without noticing until after I paid.  I went to customer service, and they refunded the money.  Shopping should not be this difficult.

Thoughts:  As you may assume, when it comes to sweetener, Melissa can tell the difference.  It was not because the brands were different, but due to the main ingredient.  I went back again, but this time to a closer market of the same chain to return the item.  When I went to the sweetener aisle, the only sweetener in stock was a name brand.  I had checked two different markets and not found what I was looking for.  I was done shopping and spent the extra $2 to purchase the name brand.  Marketing and packaging are the biggest difference between most brands offered at the market.  Marketing has also been the difference for whether to believe information concerning the pandemic.  Perhaps we should examine the facts rather than marketing.  Follow the science.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

January 29, 2022

Our friends got tickets for an out-of-town concert and asked Melissa if she would be willing to puppy-sit this weekend.  When they arrived, Eddie immediately began to sniff around the yard.  He already knew Melissa, so he ran to her for some love.  I had met him several times, so after he finally came to me after a few tentative approaches.  Melissa knew Eddie would have curiosity for the new house, so she blocked off most of the areas prior to his arrival.  She put boxes across the formal dining room and closed the doors to the bedrooms and the greenhouse porch.  When we went inside, he immediately began to search, but stayed close while our friends were here, only sniffing around the kitchen and the breakfast nook.   He became more comfortable after our friends left, his curiosity increased, and he ranged down the hall.

Eddie was not the only animal with curiosity today.  The white cat who lives across the street has become a daily visitor since I installed the bird feeders in the back but has never approached the house.  When Eddie arrived, I noticed her watching.  She must have been wondering about this new dog running around in our yard.  Not long after arrival, we looked up to see the cat peering through the screen door into our house.  When Eddie saw the cat, he took a few steps toward her and then the two had a stare off in the hall.  After staring at each other for a minute Eddie gave one bark and the cat took off. 

I have mentioned how the two dogs who live in the yard behind our house are always curious about Melissa sitting in the bay window while she works.  They bark at her when they see her move through the window driving her crazy.  If she goes out on the porch or back yard, they both bark incessantly until she comes inside.  The dogs had seen Eddie come in the house and were full of curiosity, patrolling the back fence to get another look.  I needed to fill the feeders and brought Eddie with me.  When he came outside the two dogs began to bark.  Eddie ran over to the fence and the larger dog ran off.  The smaller dog has always been more aggressive and continued to bark.  Eddie decided to bark back, apparently telling him this was his yard, and the other dog ran off.  Having fulfilled his curiosity and established his dominance in the cul-de-sac, Eddie spent the rest of the afternoon sleeping in the sun.

Thoughts:  Anyone who has ever watched a cat can attest to their curiosity.  “Curiosity killed the cat” is a proverb used to warn of the danger of unnecessary investigation or risk.  The original form of the proverb was “Care killed the cat”, where “care” meant “worry” or “sorrow for others.”  The earliest printed reference to the original proverb appears in a 1598 play while the later version is first found in an Irish newspaper in 1868.  The phrase continued to morph in the early 20^th century with, “Curiosity killed the cat, but satisfaction brought it back”.  The added rejoinder indicates the risk could lead to resurrection because of the satisfaction felt after finding the answer.  During the late 1970’s the line appeared in the Iggy Pop song “Curiosity” and Stephen King’s novel, The Shining.  Human curiosity drives most technological advancement, but it needs to be tempered against unnecessary risks.  You do not want to kill the “cat”.  Do the work.  Follow the science.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

January 28, 2022

One of the articles in my local paper referred to the marked increase in shark attacks during 2021 after three straight years of decline.  There were 73 unprovoked attacks worldwide in 2021, up from 57 bites the year before.  Eleven shark-related fatalities were recorded worldwide in 2021, with 9 of the attacks classified as unprovoked.  This compares with the annual global average of 5 fatalities.  “Unprovoked attacks” are defined as there being no human provocation.  Provocation happens when humans initiate the contact, such as divers trying to touch a shark or fisher people trying to remove a shark from their nets.  Florida has led the US and the world in unprovoked attacks for decades and continued to do so in 2021 with 28 attacks.  The only US fatality occurred in Moro Bay in California where a man was killed while boogie boarding on Christmas Eve.

When I looked online, I found that shark attacks are relatively rare considering the number of people who are in the world’s coastal waters every year.  Most attacks are attributed to the Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias), Bull Shark (Carcharhinus leucas), or Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier).  Far more unprovoked attacks are attributed to the varieties of Jellyfish.  Jellyfish are found in oceans of all temperatures and some locations have seasons and conditions when jellyfish are more abundant.  The warm weather and tides during 2018 brought an increase in jellyfish to Florida beaches, resulting in nearly 600 people suffering stings in one weekend.  An estimated 150 million people globally are stung by jellyfish each year.  While most stings in North American coastal waters cause relatively mild reactions (unless allergic), the box jellyfish (such as Chironex fleckeri) found in Indo-Pacific waters present a greater risk, including profound skin wounds and scarring.  In systemic cases this can lead to cardiovascular collapse and death within minutes.

A friend of mine in California would spend two weeks a year as an overseer at the state park in Moro Bay.  The park furnished a small trailer, and he checked reservations and assisted park visitors.  He told me of meeting three Abalone divers who were collecting from the rocks on the bottom of the 50-foot-deep (15 meters) bay.  They had entered the water and not long after came back out.  When he asked if they were all right, they said when they began collecting one of them had been brushed by a great white shark.  They looked up and saw three sharks that were all over 12 feet (3 meters) long.  They decided it was best to wait and go after the Abalone later.

Thoughts:  Shark attacks surged in 2021 after dropping drastically in 2020 due to the pandemic.  Researchers attributed the 2020 decline to pandemic-related lockdowns and fewer people at the beach.  The 2021 attacks closely align with the five-year global average of 72 attacks.  When there are less people in the water there are fewer shark attacks.  Enjoying the coastal waters can result in injuries, drownings, shark attacks, and jellyfish stings.  A researcher who was recently attacked by a jellyfish was asked if this would deter him from going into the water.  He responded, “Of course not.  But I’m reminded once again to never be lulled into a false sense of security.”  As the pandemic appears to be subsiding into an epidemic we need to adhere to this attitude.  We cannot let the virus deter us from interaction, but neither can we be lulled into a false sense of security.  Vaccines, masks, and common sense should still prevail.  Follow the science.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

January 27, 2022

When the daughter of a friend of mine had her second birthday I gave her a Corn Popper Push Toy.  The toy looked like a corn popper on a set of wheels and was meant to be pushed around the house by the child.  As the wheels turned the balls inside the clear sphere would bounce up and down, making the pop, pop, pop noise of a corn popper.  The toy seemed to be loved by most children at the time, and the girl would push the popper around the house for hours on end, driving my friend crazy.  One day she told me she could hardly wait until I had a child so she could buy such a thoughtful gift for them.  I had no children, so I was not worried.  When I did have a son, she made good on her promise and gave him a Corn Popper toy for his birthday.  Sadly, he also loved to play with his popper.

When I looked online, I found the latest toy craze are fidgets.  A fidget toy is an object that can be given to a child to regulate their need for movement and touch.  This enhances the ability to remain calm, focused, and attentive.  Fidget toys provide a place for kids to direct energy in a less distracting and more socially appropriate way while they focus on the task at hand (listening to a classroom lesson or paying attention to a book during circle time).  If you are the parent or grandparent of school-aged child, chances are you are aware of these toys.  A new fidget has taken the world by storm called Pop It.  The toy has spread around the world and is also known as crazy poppers, crazy snaps, push pop fidgets, and bubble pop.  This is basically a round disc that flips over when you are done popping so you can start again on the other side.  Pop It is advertised as having all the fun of bubble wrap without the waste (who does not like to pop bubble wrap?).  I bet this popper still drives parents and teachers crazy.

While the fidget toys have taken over the elementary age children, the traditional Corn Popper is still a best seller for pre-school children.  It has even morphed over the years and is offered in a variety of shapes (turtles, cars, telephones, lawn mowers).   Push and pull toys are designed for toddlers that have learned to walk but have yet to master the skill of pushing or pulling things behind them.  While some pull toys are animal-shaped, others feature moving parts like bobbing heads or gaping mouths.  I have seen (and heard) lawn mower toys like the one I saw sitting on a front lawn near our house last week.  Like the Corn Popper they are loud and maddening, even if they do help the child master motor skills.  I would bet the parents knew the toy was outside in the elements and left it anyway.  

Thoughts:  Like the Pop It craze the Fidget spinner was the craze in 2017.  The toy was promoted as helping people who have trouble focusing or those who may need to fidget to relieve nervous energy, anxiety, or psychological stress.  There are claims that a fidget spinner can help calm people with anxiety or neurodivergence (ADHD and autism).  There is no scientific evidence they are an effective treatment.  Office products like stress balls have been marketed for adults based on the same premise.  When I worked for the state, I was constantly asked (uninformed?) questions that it was my job to answerer.  I was given a stress cube by another worker.  After the person left, I could respond by pushing one of its explosive sounds (my head going off) buttons.  Perhaps this was still justice for getting my friend the Corn Popper.  Do the work.  Follow the science.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

January 26, 2022

With all the cold weather we are (now) getting it has placed a stress on our batteries.  I had mentioned Melissa’s battery going weak and my replacing it before she went on her trip.  Two months before that I replaced the battery in our sports car as it had sat too long and had gone completely dead.  I replaced the battery in my niece’s car when she had stayed with us last fall.  I also replaced the batteries in both my lawn mower and boat over the summer.  I am getting to know the man who sells batteries very well.

When I looked online, I found the electric current generated by a battery is produced when a connection is made between its positive and negative terminals.  When the terminals are connected, a chemical reaction is initiated that generates electrons to supply the current of the battery.  Lowering the ambient temperature causes the chemical reaction to proceed slower, so a battery used at a low temperature produces less current than at a higher temperature.  As cold batteries run down, they can quickly reach the point where they cannot deliver enough current to start the vehicle.  When a battery is not in use, leakage between the terminals will still cause it to slowly lose its charge.  This chemical reaction is also temperature-dependent, so unused batteries lose their charge slower at cooler temperatures than at warmer temperatures.  I always buy household batteries in quantity to have them available, then store them in the refrigerator to make them last longer.  Now I know why.

The lead acid batteries in all my vehicles contain lead and sulfuric acid and were all recycled at the automotive store where I purchased the new ones.  The secondary (rechargeable cells) of Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) have heavy metals and should be recycled properly.  The button cells are hard to identify as being silver, mercury, or alkaline, so it is recommended to treat them as hazardous and recycle them properly.  The small household batteries are alkaline cells (manganese dioxide) and along with the heavy-duty batteries (carbon zinc) are considered harmless.  These batteries can be disposed of in the normal waste stream (except in California), but that does not mean they should be.  Recycling batteries not only diverts potential hazardous metals from the landfills but allows valuable metals to be reclaimed, minimizing the need to mine virgin resources.  Recycling centers are located across the US.

Thoughts:  While I was on my reorganization mission last week, I took some of my electronics to the city recycling center.  When I looked in the recycle bin, I saw a large bag filled with old household batteries.  I had felt bad about throwing these in the trash but did not know where to take them instead.  Melissa later replaced the batteries in her flashlight and asked if we were recycling the batteries.  I told her of the center, and she made a plastic bag to store our used batteries until they go to recycling.  Another tip I found was to cover the end node with cellophane tape to avoid sparking as the batteries rub together, as this can ignite a fire.  As with most things, the information is out there if you care enough to look.  Do the work.  Follow the science.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

January 25, 2022

Fiona the Hippo turned five yesterday (January 24) along with all the fanfare that has marked her life since before birth.  The initial concern of the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden staff was Fiona’s mother Bibi, and it did not appear the calf would survive.  Fiona was born six weeks premature when she arrived in 2017 and only weighed 29 lb (13 kg).  Over the next critical days Fiona captured the attention of Cincinnati and the world.  The zoo’s marketing spokesperson said Fiona symbolizes the perseverance, resilience, and attaining the impossible.  “She is the story of hope.”  Fiona is also a brand, as her image has been attached to cookies, coffee, shirts, mugs, and books.  More than 375,000 books have been sold and given to teachers, children, and parents to spread Fiona’s story of perseverance.  While the zoo does not have a specific accounting of the Fiona commerce, it was thought to be nearly $500,000 by her first birthday. 

When I looked online, I found the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), also called the hippo, common hippopotamus, or river hippopotamus, is a large, mostly herbivorous, semiaquatic mammal and ungulate native to sub-Saharan Africa.  It is one of only two extant species in the Hippopotamidae family, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis).  The name comes from the ancient Greek for “river horse”.  The hippopotamus is the third-largest land mammal, after the elephant and rhinoceros.  Despite their physical resemblance to pigs the closest living relatives are cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises), from which they diverged about 55 million years ago.  Hippos are recognizable by their barrel-shaped torsos, wide-opening mouths revealing large canine tusks, nearly hairless bodies, columnar legs, and large size.  Adults average 3,310 lb (1,500 kg) for males and 2,870 lb (1,300 kg) for females.  Despite the stocky shape and short legs, hippos can run 19 mph (30 km/h) over short distances.  Fiona is still small, weighing in at 1800 pounds (816.5 kg).

The Cincinnati Zoo held an invitation-only virtual birthday party to celebrate Fiona’s five years.  You could visit the Cincinnati Zoo’s website and a $5 gift gave you a digital thank you card from Fiona, and a chance to win a prize package containing a one-of-a-kind hippo table by Mark Stoddart, an original kiss painting by Fiona, and a copy of “Happy Birthday, Fiona” by Richard Cowdrey.  Fiona received a Cincinnati Reds jersey with her name and the number 5 on the back, although it was too small for her to wear.  The virtual party took place at noon on the 24^th with the grand prize winner announced.  I did not win, but then again, I did not buy a ticket.

Thoughts:  When Fiona was born, she was the zoo’s first newborn hippo and the smallest premature hippo to survive in human care.  The name comes from the tiny, fluted ears which resembled those of the “Shrek” heroine.  While hippos are common in zoos, they can become a nuisance in the wild and are among the most dangerous animals in the world due to its highly aggressive and unpredictable nature.  In the late 1980’s, Pablo Escobar kept four hippos in a private zoo at his residence.  They were deemed too difficult to remove after Escobar’s death in 1993 and were left on the untended estate.  By 2007, the animals had multiplied to 16 and had taken to roaming the area for food.  There are still no plans on managing the population.  Scientists say these hippos are breeding voraciously and are an increasing menace.  Introducing invasive species is rarely a good thing.  Follow the science.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

January 24, 2022

Last week’s Super Wildcard Weekend turned out to be mostly predictable, even if there were several good games.  Seven of the eight games ended with the home team winning with the only loss being the Dallas Cowboys.  The Niners had made it a mundane game and led 23-7 going into the fourth quarter.  Dallas roared to life and put up ten points.  The Cowboys got the ball back with 32 seconds on the clock and moved 39 yards on three quick passes.  With second-and-one at San Francisco’s 41, with 14 seconds and no timeouts, the Cowboys called a QB draw.  Prescott raced through the middle for a 17-yard gain to San Francisco’s 24-yard line.  Dallas hurried to the line to spike the ball, but the referee needing to spot the ball down ran into Prescott on his way to the line.  Time expired before the ball was spiked and the game was over.

I thought the Dallas–Niners game might be the wild finish of the year, but I was wrong.  The first three games of Divisional Weekend ended with game winning field goals in the last seconds by the visiting teams.  That included a low-scoring duel between Rogers and Garoppolo.  San Francisco tied the game at 10-10 with 4:41 left after blocking a punt and running the ball in from the 6-yard line.  After the Packers went three-and-out, the 49ers got the ball back at their 29 with 3:20 left and again drove down the field.  After a disappointing offensive performance, the Niners pieced together the drive they needed at the end of the game.  Facing a third-and-seven, wide receiver Samuel took a handoff nine yards for a first down at Green Bay’s 38.  Samuel’s run set up Robbie Gould’s winning 45-yard field goal as time expired.

Exciting as the first three games being decided by last-second field goals by the visiting team, the fourth game between Kansas City and Buffalo was even better.  The final two minutes saw 25 points scored and the lead changed hands three times.  Buffalo was down 26-21 with two minutes left but the Bills rallied back with a touchdown pass from Allen and a successful 2-point conversion.  Mahomes and the Chiefs stormed down the field in 52 seconds ending with a 64-yard touchdown pass with 1:13 to play.  Allen and the Bills again took the ball down the field and scored with 13 seconds on the clock.  Mahomes then drove the Chiefs into range in to set up a game-tying field goal.  The Chiefs won the coin toss in overtime and immediately drove down the field for a touchdown toss to Kelce.  The final score was 42-36.  This completed the wildest weekend of football I can remember.

Thoughts:  Lost in the middle of the players fireworks this weekend was a fan who ran on the field.  These occurrences do not happen often and for years broadcasters have refused to show the intrusion to discourage copycats.  As always, someone in the stands captured the event and placed it on Twitter.  After the fan eluded security and ran on the field, Stefon Diggs got a running start and leveled him with his shoulder.  Stadium security locked him in a chokehold and promptly escorted him off the field.  The unwelcome visitor was wearing a Travis Kelce jersey and riled up the crowd as he was walked off the field.  While the fan disturbance did not adversely affect the outcome of the game, other interference has.  Fans reach over the fence to catch home runs or fair balls.  Fans use offensive language or throw drinks at players on the court.  Others instead cause fights on planes over having to wear a mask.  It is never all about me.  Do the work.  Follow the science.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

January 22, 2022

Melissa found an online group she thought I might be interested in called Arkansas Birders.  This is a “private” group with just over 9,000 members.  On Facebook private means only members of the group can see the information posted.  While anyone can find the group, there are two questions used to filter out spam accounts.   I joined several days ago and now receive information and photos from other Arkansas birders.  This lets me keep up with where different birds are gathered around the state and helps my identification skills as others post. While I am not a member of a lot of groups, this one provides entertainment and information on the local birding world.

When I looked online, I found a Facebook Group is “a place for group communication, letting people share their common interests and express their opinions.”  Groups let people join others around a common cause, issue, or activity.  The group can post photos and share content about their chosen topic.  Administrators (Admins) of the Group can designate certain members as Group Experts, and a badge appears next to their name so the group can easily identify their posts.  Both Admins and Experts have the ability collaborate on Q&A sessions, address concerns, and respond to questions.  Anybody can create and manage a Facebook Group, and you can join up to 6,000 other Groups.  That must take a long time to sort through the daily information.

Another group I joined is for my family sibs (and mom) on Messenger.  This is not only a great way to keep up with each other, but another way to share our experiences.  This week my sister posted a woodpecker which had been hammering one of the trees in her yard, along with an accompanying photo.  At first, she did not recognize the bird, but when she zoomed in on the photo, she identified it as a Pleated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus).  Pleated woodpeckers range from northern California up into Canada and back down into much of the eastern US.  My identification book says this woodpecker ranges throughout Arkansas.  I have yet to see one. 

Thoughts:  When my sister posted the photo to our Sibs group, my brother responded, “It’s Woody Woodpecker!”  Woody Woodpecker is an animated character that appeared in theatrical short films produced by the Walter Lantz Studio and distributed by Universal Studios between 1940 and 1972.   Lantz said Woody was patterned after the noisy Acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) who kept him awake at night on his honeymoon.  Woody shares characteristics with the pileated woodpecker in both appearance and his characteristic laugh (ha ha ha HA ha), which resemble the pileated call.  The artistic license of the creators has caused confusion within the birding community for those attempting to classify Woody’s species.  Not every cartoon, movie, or even post is meant to be taken seriously.  Do the work.  Follow the science.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

January 21, 2022

Hidden in the middle of the front section of my local paper this morning I came across an article on xenotransplantation.  Xenotransplantation refers to putting live tissue or organs from a non-human animal source into the human body.  Pigs have long been considered a potential source for transplants as the organs are similar in size to human organs, but rejection by the host has always been a problem.  Recent advances have allowed genetically engineered pigs to provide a heart for a man in Baltimore last month and two kidney transplants last September were given to different brain-dead recipients.  The development of xenotransplantation is primarily driven by the demand for human organs for clinical transplantation.  Currently 10 – 20 patients a day die in the US waiting for an organ transplant.

When I looked online, I found from early 2000 the introduction of Gal-knockout (galactosyltransferase) pigs, has made prolonged survival possible in heart and kidney xenotransplantation.  However, the remaining antibody barriers to non-Gal antigens continued to be a hurdle.  The production of genetically engineered pigs was difficult and required a long time.  Recent advances in gene editing have made the production of genetically engineered pigs easier and more available, and clinical trials have received an international consensus.  Although the potential benefits are considerable, xenotransplantation has raised concerns regarding the potential for infection of recipients and possible subsequent infection into the general human population.  Of public health concern is the potential for cross-species infection by retroviruses, which may be latent and lead to disease years after infection.  Who would believe cross-species viral infection could ever happen?

A related article reported the man who received the pig-heart xenotransplantation once stabbed a man leaving him paralyzed.  The victim’s sister told the BBC’s Today show she thought the recipient was unworthy of the surgery.  The transplant team said a person’s criminal past could never be grounds for refusing treatment.  The University of Maryland Medical Centre said, “It is the solemn obligation of any hospital or health care organization to provide lifesaving care to every patient who comes through their doors based on their medical needs.  Any other standard of care would set a dangerous precedent and would violate the ethical and moral values that underpin the obligation physicians and caregivers have to all patients in their care.”  The attack took place in April 1988 and the man was found guilty of battery and carrying a concealed weapon and was sentenced to 10 years in prison.

Thoughts:  While the xenotransplantation of a pig heart was reported on the national news, the kidney xenotransplantation came to light months later after it was published as a scientific paper.  The heart prolonged the recipient’s life, but the kidney transplants were considered test trials as both recipients were clinically dead.  Most human transplants involve death, but xenotransplantation is growing and harvesting the organs.  Organs are given according to strict rules that consider physical matching, tissue and blood type matching, medical criteria, waiting time, and severity of illness, and is blind to name, race, sex, and wealth.  Two principles determine who gets a transplant: (1) urgency, the sickest or most likely to die are prioritized, and (2) effectiveness, organs go to those with the greatest chance of success.  This clearly requires consideration of the “ethical and moral values” of the administrators.  Follow the science.  Do the work.  Change is coming and it starts with you.

January 20, 2022

I was forwarded an article this week about the Modoc Tribe.  The ancestral home of the Modoc Nation consisted of over 5,000 square miles along what is now the California-Oregon border.  The Modoc were a culturally detached and unique band who would occasionally form war parties to drive out unwelcome visitors or raid neighboring tribes.  The arrival of white Americans in the early 19th century forever changed their lives.  Eventually the traders and miners gave way to farmers and ranchers.  The Modoc adapted and chose to live peacefully with their white newcomers, often working for them and trading for necessities.  The Modoc took on many of the settler’s ways, and eventually began to wear clothing patterned after the non-Indians with whom they socialized.  Even the names of the Modoc changed, and they became known to their own people by the names given to them by the white man.

This peaceful co-existence did not last, and a series of skirmishes erupted over the next decades, ending with the Valentine’s Day Treaty of 1864.  The various tribes agreed to live in peace and friendship with one another and the settlers in the region and the Modoc were not restricted to a reservation and could live within their homelands.  Unfortunately, the Valentine’s Day Treaty was not accepted by the US or even considered.  After more years of abuse, Captain Jack led an 18-month uprising pitting 60 Modoc against over 1,000 soldiers supported by artillery.  Captain Jack was hung for his participation in the uprising and became the only Native leader executed by Military Commission for participation in the US Indian wars.  On October 12, 1873, 155 Modoc (42 men, 59 women, and 54 children) were loaded on 27 wagons and taken to Fort Klamath, Oregon, then placed under military guard in Cheyenne, Wyoming, on the way to their eventual unknown destination on the Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (Oklahoma).

In 1879, the government constructed a building on the Modoc Reservation that served as both a school and church.  The first marked grave in the Modoc Cemetery is inscribed as Rosie Jack (died April 1874).  Rosie was the daughter of Captain Jack and his wife Lizzie.  Many of the leading participants of the Modoc War are buried in the cemetery in unmarked graves.  The Modoc and Klamath tribes were terminated from federal supervision in 1954.  Years later the tribes in the northeastern corner of Oklahoma banded together to establish the Inter-Tribal Council, Inc. of Northeastern Oklahoma, and the Modoc formed a non-federally recognized tribal government.  The Modoc Tribe in Oklahoma were granted federal recognition in May 1978, making the Modoc eligible for Federal assistance.  An application was forwarded to the Department of Housing and Urban Development to purchase the Modoc Church and the four acres where it stands and to restore the church to its original structure.  The grant was awarded, and the Modoc church was listed on the National Register of historic Places in 1980.

Thoughts:  There are 496 enrolled members of the Modoc Tribe residing in 27 states, with around 200 living on a small reservation in Ottawa County, Oklahoma.  This includes the 600-acres of the Modoc bison range.  The range hosts about 200 bison purchased as wild from the National Park Service.  The animals are grass fed and raised in a natural pasture similar to their wild environment.  Bison is known for its nutrient-dense protein and can be purchased through the Modoc Administrative Office.  The Modoc have again adapted, creating a thriving business selling bison they never hunted to those who originally drove them from their ancestral home.  Do the work.  Change is coming and it starts with you.