Iguana

November 11, 2025

Credit…Daniel Mulcahy

The Morning Read of the NY Times feed included an article on a possible reprieve for a previously invasive reptile species. Biologists say DNA evidence proves the lizard landed on Clarion Island nearly half a million years ago, long before any humans might have transported them from the mainland. Researchers reported the discovery last month in the journal Ecology and Evolution, and the finding means that the animals should be able to continue living on Clarion Island, a remote, mostly uninhabited Mexican archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. There are around 100 iguanas there, and scientists and locals alike assumed that they had been introduced by humans in the late 20th century because they had gone unmentioned in prior accounts of the island’s fauna. “It was all speculative that they were introduced — no one ever tested it,” said Daniel Mulcahy, an evolutionary biologist at the Museum of Natural History in Berlin who is an author of the new study. The government was planning to exterminate the invaders to protect island’s delicate ecosystem. Mulcahy and his colleagues compared mitochondrial DNA, passed down maternally, from the Clarion iguanas and the mainland spiny-tailed iguanas and found a 1.5 % difference in their DNA. That meant these spiny-tailed iguana are genetically distinct and could not be recent invaders.

When I went online, I found the spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura pectinata) is a species of is a species of iguanid lizard found in eastern Mexico and extreme western Guatemala. This iguana has distinctive keeled scales on its long tail, to which its common name refers. It is one of the larger members of the genus Ctenosaura, capable of growing to 4.3 feet (1.3 m) in total length (including tail), with females being slightly smaller than males at 3.3 feet (1.0 m). It usually has a brown or grey-brown colored back (dorsally), with a yellowish underbelly (ventral surface). It has a crest of long spines which extend down the center of its back. Mating generally occurs in spring with the male showing dominance and interest by head bobbing before chasing the female until he can catch her and subdue her. Within eight to ten weeks, the female will dig a nest and lay clutches of up to 24 eggs which hatch in 90 days with the babies digging their way out of the sand. Hatchlings are often bright green with no body pattern and juveniles are typically green with brown markings, although all-brown hatchlings have been recorded.

Some wonder how a 4-foot (1.2 m) black-and-yellow lizard went unnoticed on Clarion Island for decades. Clarion’s landscape has changed dramatically in recent years. The island was covered in prickly pear cactus (genus, Opuntiathat) that made exploration difficult, but was consumed by sheep (Ovis aries) and pigs (Sus domesticus) introduced by thew Mexican Navy in the 1970’s. Those animals are gone and a shrubland community (chaparral) remains. The iguanas are wary of humans and hide when approached. The destruction by sheep and pigs underscores the damage invasive animals can cause. Island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable. Rayna Bell, an evolutionary biologist at the California Academy of Sciences said, “This type of work is fundamental to conserving some of the world’s most unique and imperiled diversity.” Mulcahy’s colleagues are working to spread the news to government officials in Mexico to stop the eradication program.

THOUGHTS: The spiny-tail iguana is a traditional food in Mexico, listed as “Least Concern” by the IUCN Redlist, but the species is listed on the Mexican Red List as threatened and it is illegal to hunt them. Their presence on Clarion suggests a 700-mile trip on a floating mat of vegetation. It would be the second-longest known iguana aquatic journey, topped by another species of iguanas traveling 5,000 miles from North America to Fiji. Humans thought the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition was amazing. We are always outdone by nature. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Screwworm

November 10, 2025

The Sunday before Halloween, the Homes section of my local newspaper ran a Reutters article detailing a new sterile fly plant added in Mexico. In Metapa, Mexico, engineers, veterinarians, and entomologists are racing to repurpose a plant that will play a pivotal role in trying to eradicate the flesh-eating fly threatening the country’s cattle industry and raising tensions with the US. The facility used to help control Mediterranean fruit flies, but workers are dismantling old infrastructure and rebuilding specialized laboratories designed to mimic the conditions of an animal wound. The plant aims to be ready by July 2026 and would double the number of sterile flies Mexico can release into the wild. The US has kept its border mostly closed to Mexican cattle imports since May 2025 and has invested US$21 million towards the US$51 million facility in Chiapas state in an effort to keep the screwworm fly out of America.

When I went online, I found the New World screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax), or simply screwworm, is a species of parasitic blowfly which is present in the New-World tropics. The screwworm larvae (maggots) eat the living tissue of warm-blooded animals. Of the four species of Cochliomyia, only the species hominivorax is parasitic, but a single parasitic species of Old-World screwworm fly is placed in a different genus (Chrysomya bezziana). The maggots of many fly species eat dead flesh and may occasionally infest an old and putrid wound. Infestation of a live vertebrate animal by the screwworm maggot (myiasis) is unusual because they attack healthy tissue, increasing the chances of infection, which then attracts more flies. Screwworm females lay 250 to 500 eggs in the exposed flesh which hatch and burrow into the surrounding tissue as they feed. If the wound is disturbed during this time, the larvae burrow or “screw” deeper into the flesh, giving the larva its common name. The maggots can cause severe tissue damage or even death to the host. About three to seven days after hatching, the larvae fall to the ground to pupate, reaching the adult stage about seven days later. The female will mate four to five days after hatching and can lay up to 3,000 eggs and fly up to 120 miles (200 km) during her life. Males mate up to ten times, but females mate only once and retain the male’s sperm for life, leading to the sterile eradication technique.

The screwworm was the first species to be tested with the sterile insect technique and resulted in control and systematic eradication of the species from the US, Central America, and parts of the Caribbean beginning in the 1950’s. The US and Mexico bred and released more than 94 billion sterile flies from 1962 to 1975. By the early 2000’s, it was considered eradicated from North America, but was detected in Mexico in 2024 and 2025, prompting renewed efforts to prevent its re-emergence. The fly is still widespread in tropical and subtropical parts of the Caribbean and South America and animals imported from these areas must be inspected or treated to prevent the pest’s reintroduction. Eradication efforts continued and in 1998 the first sterile flies were released in Panama with the goal of creating a barrier zone at the Darién Gap against a screwworm invasion. This is achieved through weekly sterile screwworm releases of up to 50 million insects bred in factories and sterilized by ionizing radiation. The bred insects must not suffer any impairment to compete with wild, fertile insects. In September 2025, a case of New World screwworm was found in Sabinas Hidalgo, Mexico, less than 70 miles (110 km) from the US-Mexico border.

THOUGHTS: When sterile screwworm males’ mate with wild females no offspring are produced, and the population collapses over time. Coordinator Jose Luis Quintero said, “The screwworm was eradicated once before in Mexico — it took 19 years. We hope to do it in far less time.” Let’s hope that is the case. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Erosion

November 07, 2025

I have been going to a coffee shop to visit a friend every month or so. I always enter from the rear of the building into the semi-outdoor seating area. This is enclosed with glass doors that can be raised when the weather is appropriate, although I have never seen them raised. Several years ago, they did some remodeling on the exterior to replace the concrete that backed up to the mini-mall parking lot where it was located. The shop has an AC unit on top of the building and a downspout that channels the water off the roof and out to the street. Over the years this has resulted in the water cutting a path from the spout to the parking lot. When I arrived this last week, it impressed me with the power of water to cause erosion.

When I went online, I found water erosion is the process of soil and rock being moved by water. This erosion can be categorized into types. Splash erosion comes from the impact of raindrops detaching soil particles. Sheet erosion is the removal of a thin, uniform layer of soil across a slope. Rill erosion is the small, channel-like cuts formed by runoff water. Gully erosion is the larger, more-defined channels that develop from rills. Stream-bank erosion is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river. Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land along the coastline, often caused by wave action. This natural process shapes landscapes by carving out valleys and canyons, but human activities like deforestation and farming can accelerate it, impacting soil quality and water resources. Techniques to control water erosion include keeping soil covered with vegetation, practicing conservation tillage, and building structures like terraces and grassed waterways. The erosion at the coffee shop appears to be rill erosion. I suppose if left long enough it would become gully erosion.

While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10 to 40 times the rate at which soil erosion is occurring globally. At agriculture sites in the Appalachian Mountains, intensive farming practices have caused erosion up to 100 times the natural rate of erosion in the region. Excessive (or accelerated) erosion causes both “onsite” and “offsite” problems. Onsite impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and even ecological collapse from the loss of the nutrient-rich upper soil layers and in extreme cases this can lead to desertification. Offsite effects include sedimentation of waterways and an accumulation of nutrients (eutrophication) in a body of water. Both can result in an increased growth of organisms that may deplete the oxygen in the water. Intensive agriculture, deforestation, roads, anthropogenic climate change (global warming), and urban sprawl are among the most significant human activities regarding their effect on stimulating erosion. There are also prevention and remediation practices that can curtail or limit erosion of vulnerable soils.

THOUGHTS: I recall being amazed when they had to shut down the 20-year-old spillway outlet at the reservoir where I fished in high school. The outlet Shannel had two massive rows of 20-foot-high (6 m) concrete blocks that had suffered erosion from the water being released and were needing to be replaced. Famous examples of water erosion include the Grand Canyon, formed by the Colorado River; the Mississippi River Delta, a large fan-shaped deposit of sediment; and Niagara Falls, which is slowly receding upstream due to erosion. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation and are responsible for about 84% of degraded land globally, making excessive erosion one of the most significant environmental problems worldwide. While erosion is a natural process, humans can choose to lessen (or increase) the effect by our actions. It takes eons for the landscape to recover, if it does at all. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Variegated

November 05, 2025

As Fall stretched into late October, I was amazed by the dozens of pollinators which still flocked to the wildflower bed in front of our house. My guess is they are still stocking up for a flight south or survival during the long winter. We have several coneflowers (family, Asteraceae) along with a proliferation of orange sulfur cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus). Yesterday afternoon was bright, sunny, and in the mid-70 F’s (24 C’s) and they were still out in full force. There were several late traveling monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) along with dozens of bumblebees (Genus, Bombus) flitting from flower to flower. There was also a new arrival (at least I had not noticed) with several smaller brightly colored butterflies. Two characteristics struck me about these Lepidoptera. First was the speed they were traveling as they drew nectar from around the bed, the second was variegated wings.

When I went online, I found the variegated fritillary (Euptoieta claudia) is a North and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The variegated flight is low and swift and even when collecting nectar, the species is extremely difficult to approach. This has earned the genus name which taken from the Greek “euptoietos” meaning “easily scared”. The wingspan of the adult variegated measures 1.75 to 2.25 inches (44 to 57 mm). The upper side of the wings is checkered with orange and black, and both the fore and hind wings have a row of submarginal black spots and black median lines running across them. The underside of the forewing is orange with a pale orange spot rimmed in black in the forewing cell. The underside of the hindwing is mottled with browns and grays with a pale postmedian band. The variegated fritillary has three very different characteristics that distinguish them from the genus of greater fritillaries (Speyeria fritillaries), but it is still closely related to them. Variegated fritillaries have two or three broods per year (Speyeria one), are nomadic (Speyeria sedentary), and use a wide variety of host plants (Speyeria only violets).

While the variegated fritillary is nomadic, it is not (officially) migratory like the monarch. Instead, it overwinters in its caterpillar stage in the leaf litter, seeking shelter and entering a dormant state (diapause). In warmer climates, adult butterflies may also overwinter. In Arkansas the adults need to either migrate south or they will die (freeze). Caterpillars can survive Arkansas’ winter temperatures and will emerge from their hibernation to form cocoons (pupate) in the spring. The survival of the caterpillars (or adults farther South) depends on factors like predation, temperature, and the amount of insulation provided by leaf litter. When weather conditions improve in the Spring the caterpillars emerge from their winter hibernation to continue their life cycle. While I was planning on clearing the bed and scattering the seed, perhaps I should wait until new life emerges in Spring.

THOUGHTS: I can attest to the “euptoietos” nature of the variegated fritillary. It took me 10 minutes for one to wait long enough on a flower to get a picture. The butterflies would fly up to 30 feet (10 m) away and then dart back to seek out another flower or two before repeating the maneuver. I find it interesting how different species have adapted to survival during the cold months of winter. This also explains how a warm day can bring out a swam of flying insects as they emerge from their sheltered refuge. Humans do not naturally go dormant (hibernate) because our bodies lack the necessary biological adaptations to enter a state of deep sleep with a significantly lower body temperature and metabolic rate. The earliest evidence of controlled use of fire dates back at least 1.8 million years ago, but evidence for habitual or widespread use of fire does not become clear until around 400,000 years ago. We rely on protective structure, clothes, or sources of heat to achieve what nature has given other species. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Inversa

October 28, 2025

A USA Today article in the middle of the front section of Monday’s local newspaper highlighted a partnership between the state of Florida and a Maimi based leather manufacturer. Governor Ron DeSantis announced the partnership on the 21st. The decision to join in partnership was made in 2024 to remove invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) from the Florida Everglades. In three months, this summer, 1,022 pythons were removed, compared to 343 during the same period in 2024. The approximately 50 hunters previously contracted by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation (FWC) now work for the private company, reducing their administrative burden by 89%, increasing python removal, and paying about 60% more for the harvested pythons. DeSantis said a lot of progress had been made in python removal but “at that pace it was not enough to get where we needed to go”. The South Florida Water Management District has its own python hunting program separate from the partnership formed between FCW and the leather maker Inversa.

When I went online, I found Inversa is a leather products company that claims to make “ethical exotics that restore nature”. This is done by “managing” (harvesting) harmful non-native species to help revive natural ecosystems. Invasive species are a driving force in around 60% of today’s species extinctions and cause US$423B annual damage around the planet. Management of invasive species restores indigenous species populations by up to 70%, enhances carbon sequestration and water purification, and strengthens global environmental and human health. Using invasive species to create leather products rather than bovine leather not only removes invasives, it also comparatively uses 99.9% less land, 95% less water, and emits 89% less greenhouse gases. Inversa partners to create job opportunities in rural and developing economies, empowering communities to protect their ecosystems by creating new jobs in nature restoration and directly increasing local incomes. According to their website, the company “works closely with our restoration cooperatives to ensure the stable livelihoods and humane labor conditions of all partners in ecosystem management.”

Inversa currently harvests three invasive species for leather production to protect critical habitats. The Greater Everglades provides critical habitats for hundreds of animal species and coastal protection against flooding for Southeastern America. Non-native pythons cause a severe decline in animal populations that keep the ecosystem in balance. The Mississippi River Basin is an ecological lifeline for North America, supporting over 870 species of fish and wildlife. The overpopulation of the invasive Silverfin carp harms native biodiversity, degrades water quality, and threatens community livelihoods. The Caribbean coral reefs are biodiversity hotspots that support 42 million livelihoods and, when healthy, protect coastlines from storms and erosion. The invasive lionfish threatens the health and stability of these already vulnerable ecosystems through its prolific predation. Inversa produces leather shoes, belts, purses, and accessories from all three invasives.

THOUGHTS: Inversa represents the latest of a series of efforts to remove invasive species from local ecosystems. I have previously blogged on the use of biological predators, but these are risky and can result in the cure creating their own invasions. Others are trying to convince diners to adjust their palates to consume the invaders, but this can be a hard sale that often involves reconstituting the product into a more acceptable form. Turning invasives into high-end leather products is a niche market (what I saw was expensive) but another good approach. Like most solutions, reduction or removal of invasives takes a long-term concerted cooperative effort. It is worth the time and cost. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Holes

October 28, 2025

Yesterday Melissa and I were ripped awake at 4:30 am by the sound of Loki’s frantic barking. Something outside had obviously set him off and he was sounding the alarm. Melissa was able to quiet him down and I was able to immediately fall asleep. Melissa was not so lucky. Even though he was no longer sounding his alarm, both Loki and Zena continued to grumble and give little chirp barks. Zena got up in my living room chair (her comfort zone in thunderstorms), but Loki kept running back and forth between the dining room window and the front hall for the next hour. When I got up in the morning, I was wondering what set Loki off. I went outside to check on my vegetables and make sure nothing had gotten into the few remaining plants in the raised beds. I had removed the cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) vines after they had stopped producing but there are still one mature and two small watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) in the tall bed. The tall bed is 30 inches (76 cm) and has not been targeted (yet), but raccoons (Procyon lotor) have eaten several cantaloupes in the shorter 18-inch (45.7 cm) bed in the past. My watermelons were intact but as I walked back to the house, I noticed several dozen small holes in the lawn between the rose bush (genus, Rosa hybrid) and the wildflower (family, Primulaceae) beds.

When I went online, I found that raccoons are one of the main animals that dig holes in your yard. The holes are usually cone-shaped and three to four inches (7.5 to 10 cm) wide, but larger areas up to ten inches (25 cm) may occur. The holes are created when raccoons are foraging for grubs and other insects. According to Clemson University, raccoons will peel back newly laid sod while searching for food. Raccoons are omnivorous and eat a variety of plants and animals. In cities and suburban areas, they dig for grubs and larval insects, eat vegetables and fruit grown in backyards, root through compost piles, steal picnic and pet food that has been left outdoors, and turn over garbage cans in search of food. According to the University of California, these night creatures can live unnoticed for quite some time as they make their homes in hollow trees, outbuildings, brush piles, rock crevices, a raccoon burrow, crawl spaces, culverts, storm drains, attics, chimneys, or under decks. Raccoons dig holes in lawns in search of grubs (uperfamily, Scarabaeoidea), earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris), and other insects.

Raccoons have a keen sense of smell which allows them to dig holes to find insect larvae under the grass. The best way to keep raccoons from digging holes in your yard is to address the grub problem or using deterrents. Treat your lawn for grubs, especially in late summer and fall, and use methods like motion-activated sprinklers or lights to scare them away. You can also cover the lawn with netting or chicken wire to create a physical barrier and prevent digging. You need to maintain proper lawn care, as poor watering practices can make your lawn more attractive to grubs. If your lawn is damaged, repair it promptly. If sod has been flipped, reposition it, water it, and consider using a root-building fertilizer to help it re-establish. I guess it is time for my fall bug-be-gone dusting.

THOUGHTS: I was able to flip the sod on the larger holes that had been made in our yard, but I did not get the bug-be-gone down. I told myself this would give me something to do today. Most adult beetles in Arkansas are active in the summer and lay their eggs in the grassy areas. The eggs hatch and the larva begin to feed on the surface of the soil for several weeks before moving deeper as the fall temps cool. Arkansas winters are relatively mild, and summers are hot and humid, so the two treatment windows are late summer to early fall (preventive and biological control) and late spring to early summer (curative for spring-feeding pests). Otherwise, I have holes in my yard. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Woolly Bear

October 22, 2025

Even though the cooler temps have slowed the grass in my yards the weeds in the flower beds seem to be doing fine. Yesterday I got out and performed (I hope) my last weeding before fall. I usually just throw the weeds into the lawn and run my mower over them to mulch them into the sod. I had just mowed last week, and it really did not need to be mown again. I just raked the weeds up and threw them away. It seems I can never do just one part of yard work and doing one thing always seems to bring on other tasks. Mowing, weed eating, weeding the beds, and blowing off the sidewalks have become interchangeable. While I may put one or the other off for a day or two, once I start, I know I am committed to the long haul. I also have the wood pile stacked at the edge of the drive from the tree I had cut down. I had it stacked for firewood, but I know I still need to split and season the wood for a minimum of six months or preferably a year. While cleaning up around the pile I moved several pieces of cardboard and we greated by two guests who had taken up residence, a 12-inch (30.5 cm) Texas brown snake (Storeria dekayi texana) and a banded woolly bear caterpillar.

When I went online, I found the Isabella tiger moth (Pyrrharctia Isabella), whose larval form is called the banded woolly bear, woolly bear, or woolly worm, occurs throughout the US and Canada. It was first formally named by James Edward Smith in 1797. The thirteen-segment larvae are usually covered with brown hair (setae) in their mid-regions and black hair in their front (anterior) and back (posterior) areas. In direct sunlight, the brown hair looks bright reddish brown. Adult moths are generally dull yellowish through orangish and have robust and scaly midsection (thoraces), small heads, bright reddish-orange forelegs, and sparse black spotting on the wings. Each abdominal segment bears three black dots. The Isabella larva emerges from the egg in the fall and overwinters in its caterpillar form by allowing most of its mass to freeze solid. First its heart stops beating, then its gut freezes, then its blood, followed by the rest of the body. The larva survives being frozen by producing a cryoprotectant in its tissues that keeps the inside of the cells from freezing. In the spring, it thaws, and the cycle begins again.

Folklore in both Canada and the US holds that the relative amounts of brown and black hair on a woolly bear larva indicate the severity of the coming winter. If the brown band is wide, winter weather will be mild. If the brown band is narrow, the winter weather will be severe. A variation of this story says the color of the stripes predicts winter weather, with darker stripes indicating a harsher winter. Another version of this belief is that the direction the Isabella crawls indicates the winter weather, with the caterpillar crawling south to escape colder weather. There is no scientific evidence for weather prediction and hatchlings from the same clutch of eggs can display considerable variation in their color banding. The larva’s brown band tends to widen with age as it molts. Since the 1970’s, several locations in the US hold woolly bear festivals in the fall.

THOUGHTS: The wooly bear Caterpillar is not the only creature that can withstand being frozen. Amphibians like the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) and American toad (Anaxyrus americanus), reptiles like the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and green iguana (Iguana iguana), certain types of carp (family Cyprinidae), and microscopic animals like the tardigrades (Phylum, Tardigrada) and rotifers (Phylum, Rotifera) all survive freezing. While the technology for freezing a human and bringing them back to life does not yet exist, cryonics involve preserving legally deceased bodies at extremely low temperatures with the hope of future revival. If an alligator can do it . . . Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Prevention

October 17, 2025

Browsing my NY Times app, I came across an illustrated article that explained what New York City will need to do to survive the predicted flooding over the next 50 years. New York’s coastal location allowed it to thrive but has now become a threat. Future models predict tidal flooding will mainly hit Southern Brooklyn, Queens, and Lower Manhattan. By 2080, many areas will face an increased risk of tidal flooding because of rising sea levels. At the same time, more neighborhoods will become vulnerable to extreme rainfall and wide swaths of the city face increasing risk from storm surge from a hurricane. Nearly 30 % of the city’s land mass could be at risk of significant flooding by 2080, and 17% of the city’s population (1.4 million) currently live in these areas. Climate experts recommend three strategies for the city to adapt. The city could increase its ability to absorb water by converting 5areas of asphalt and concrete to green space. It could be fortified by building barriers along its shores, and possibly a gate around the harbor. Or it could retreat, relocating people out of the most hazardous regions. Flood prevention will likely have to embrace all three approaches.

When I went online, I found New York’s flood prevention strategies include large-scale infrastructure projects along the East and Hudson Rivers to protect against storm surges and rising sea levels. New York is installing continuous flood protection systems along its coastlines, including flood walls, elevated landscapes, and discreet barriers like flip-up gates and stop logs. The Big U is a series of interconnected flood resilience projects to create a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) protective system around lower Manhattan to shield against sea level rise and storm surges. Projects like Battery Park have improved drainage infrastructure with systems of tide gate chambers to manage water during coastal surge events. Other initiatives include creating “cloudburst” sunken public spaces to temporarily hold water and providing residents with flood protection resources like sandbags, dams, and flood-resistant materials to help protect individual properties. FloodHelpNY provides information and connects eligible homeowners with engineers to help reduce flood risk. Finally, residents are encouraged to install features like sump pumps and drain plugs to protect their homes.

A 2024 study in Nature emphasizes how New York needs prevention measures to combat extreme rainfall events. Since 1970, the city’s stormwater system has been built to handle up to 1.75 inches (4.5 cm) of rain per hour. Hourly precipitation recorded in Central Park did not exceed this limit until 1995, but it has been eclipsed in three of the last five years. Little of that rainfall is absorbed or stored before reaching the stormwater system. Today, only about 30% of the city’s surface area is composed of absorbent surfaces. The remaining 70% is covered by impervious surfaces that replaced the original porous landscapes. The contemporary city was built atop wetlands and ponds that absorbed and stored water and the original shoreline was artificially expanded with landfill over the course of centuries. The areas at risk of flooding in the modern city overlap to a striking degree with the city’s historical wetlands. Understanding New York’s historical environment is crucial to imagining a more resilient urban future based on the city’s past topography.

THOUGHTS: In “Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City,” author Eric Sanderson, a landscape ecologist at the New York Botanical Garden, addressed the prevention measures needed. “I was trying to imagine a configuration of the landscape . . . restoring streams, wetlands and agricultural lands, connecting the urbanized parts of the city, and depaving a lot of what we have.” Islands and coastal cities around the globe are struggling to keep up with the rising oceans caused by climate change. Sounds like sink or swim is more than an adage. We can no longer wait. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Wavy-lined

October 14, 20254

Melissa tends to keep the back door to the porch open to help provide a breeze and keep down the humidity for the succulents. If the air conditioner is not running, she will often keep the house door open as well. This provides a breeze for us and allows the kids to roam freely in and out of the house without having to get up every time they hear a noise or want to go outside. While this is convenient, it allows house flies (Musca domestica), moths (order, Lepidoptera), and other flying insects (and occasional birds) to fly enter both the porch and the main house. I have tried to combat this by placing a bug-zapper next to the doorway. The blue light is not visible during the day but does attract moths at night. When it is time for a final constitutional, Loki will wait at the door for Melissa or I to go first to “protect” him from the sounds of the moths hitting the zapper. When I got up yesterday, I noticed one of the moths had avoided the zapper and was attached to the wall above the kitchen sink. When I looked closer the moth’s coloration was “wavy-lined”.

When I went online, I found the wavy-lined emerald moth (Synchlora aerate), or camouflaged looper, is a species of moth of the family Geometridae. The species is found in the US and Canada and was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798. There are dozens of species in the subfamily of emeralds in North America. Most look incredibly similar, being green (sometimes tan) and typically resting with their wide wings spread out to the sides. The key identifying features for the species are the mildly wavy white lines that run across the wings, a pale green fringe on the wings, and a long, thin white stripe running the whole length of the abdomen. The adult wingspan is about 0.67 inches (17 mm). The caterpillar of this species is an inchworm (looper) that camouflages itself from predators with small clippings from flower petals they are feeding on. The wavy-lined is a common moth that has two or three broods a year and overwinters as a partially grown larva.

The wavy-lined emerald moth is an important food for birds and other predators. While some insects use camouflage or mimicry to outwit predators, the wavy-lined caterpillar blends these two defenses. Insect camouflage often refers to creatures like stick bugs (order, Phasmatodea) that have evolved to look like their surroundings. Mimicry means looking like a completely different creature, like the less toxic Viceroy Butterfly (Limenitis archippus) which looks like the toxic Monarch (Danaus plexippus). The wavy-lined larva will attach bits of the plant material on which it is feeding to its back with bits of silk to blend into its host plant and avoid detection. When it feeds on a different plant it will “wear” the appropriate foliage. These fragments start off colorful (to blend in with the flower) and then dry out to look like a chunk of debris. It also seems to detach and replace the parts as they wilt, keeping the larvae covered in fresh adornments that match its meal. While it is essentially using camouflage, the insect is an active participant in the process, mimicking whatever flower it feeds on.

THOUGHTS: While I have no problem swatting the flies and mosquitoes (family, Culicidae) that invade my house, I did not feel threatened or bothered by the wavy-lined emerald moth. It spent the entire day resting on the wall as Melissa and I came and went around the sink, allowing me to admire its delicate lines many times. When I got up this morning the moth was gone. Hopefully it made it past the bug zapper on its way outside. Most insects tend to go about their business and do not seek out humans. Flies and mosquitoes are an exception and use humans as a source of food (dead skin, blood), water (sweat), and salt. The fact that the moths are aesthetically pleasing is another plus. Sometimes I need to remind myself that every creature has a role to play in the larger biome. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.

Trails

October 10, 2025

We had decided to take our second trip out in our newly acquired RV just as the US government decided it was not in their (our?) best interest in keeping the government operational. While many of the National Parks are at least partially open, we learned the Corp of Engineers location we planned to visit was shut down. We have some neighbors who were also planning on the same trip and learned they had booked a private location about an hour away. We already had two events scheduled for the week and thankfully these were both centrally located to the RV Park. Melissa made reservations and we took off Tuesday morning. The park described itself as “rustic”, and when our neighbors arrived, they called to make sure we were comfortable with what that meant. Melissa and I both thought the unpaved location along the Mulberry River was going to be perfect. There was even a trail/road that led back along the river that was perfect (and away from other campers) for walking the kids. The trail provided a moderate walk that wound through the trees and wildflowers.

When I went online, I found a trail, also known as a path or track, is an unpaved lane or small paved road generally not intended for usage by motorized vehicles, and usually passing through a natural area. However, it is sometimes applied to highways in North America. In the UK and Ireland, a path or footpath is the preferred term for a pedestrian lane or hiking trail. In the US historically, the term was used for a route into or through wild territory used by explorers and migrants (i.e., the Oregon Trail). A “trace” is sometimes used as a synonym for trail (i.e., the Natchez Trace). Some trails are restricted to only walkers, or cyclists, or horses (equestrians). During the winter these same trails can be used for snowshoeing or cross-country skiing. Others, like the bridleways in the UK, are shared and are jointly used by walkers, cyclists, and equestrians. Although most trails ban motorized use, there are unpaved trails used by dirt bikes, quad bikes, and other off-road ehicles. This is especially true for extreme sports and rally races. In places like the mountainous Europe (Alps), trails are also used by alpine agrarian communities for moving cattle and other livestock.

Over the last several days I have been walking the trail along the river marveling at the amazing views. The track passes above the river and in places rises on the bluffs that overlook the water. Being an avid fisherperson, this has given me pause to dream of climbing down the slope and fishing the fast water and pools that dot the river’s course. Several days I did exactly that, although I did so by following the rocks at th e water’s edge. My other pleasure has been seeing the patches of Tatarian Aster (Aster tararicus) and goldenrod (genus, Solidago) that line the trail. This is the freedom and escape we had hoped to find when we decided to start RVing.

THOUGHTS: Following most modern-day trails is a far cry from the trails that cut through the thick forests and lush grassland that filled North America when the European explorers and settlers first arrived. These trails possessed unseen dangers (animals and nature) along with the impressive beauty. Still, I can get a glimpse of the wonder of days gone by. We need to work hard, an together, to preserve those areas that still exist for future generations to enjoy. Act for all. Change is coming and it starts with you.